{
  "edition": "MCS 2026",
  "generated_at": "2026-06-02T07:44:41",
  "elements": [
    {
      "slug": "abrasives",
      "name": "Abrasives (manufactured)",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-abrasives.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b905055f426b2cce8ed6033d168abb5f4772088a9136ba561a7da13f338c4e11",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and metallic abrasives)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of crude fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $5.1 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $25 million. Metallic abrasives were produced by 10 companies operating 11 plants in seven States. Production of metallic abrasives had an estimated value of about $140 million, and metallic abrasive shipments were valued at $200 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Metallic abrasives are primarily steel shot and grit and cut wire shot, which are used for sandblasting, peening, and stonecutting applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, China was the world’s leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide. Imports from China, where production costs were lower, continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada. China accounted for 96% of United States imports of crude fused aluminum oxide, 15% of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports, 97% of crude silicon carbide imports, and 57% of ground and refined silicon carbide imports. Abrasive products from China remained subject to additional duties under U.S. section 301 actions—such as an extra 7.5% ad valorem on HTS 2818.10.2010 and Chapter 99 tariffs on HTS 2849.20.2000—on top of the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) rates, and HTS 7205.10.0000 continued to have a zero NTR rate, a 3% rate for certain countries, and an additional 25% duty for products from China under HTS 9903.88.03. Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America. The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum oxide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 33% lower and 20% higher, respectively, than those in 2024. The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 20% and 18% lower, respectively, than those in 2024. The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abrasives in 2022 through 2025 as compared with being a net importer in 2021. The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2025 was 6% lower than that in 2024. Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports. The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in the manufacturing sectors that use them, particularly the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although domestic resources of raw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as emery, garnet, metallic abrasives, or staurolite, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10000.0,
            "2022": 20000.0,
            "2023": 25000.0,
            "2024": 25000.0,
            "2025e": 20000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10000",
            "2022": "20000",
            "2023": "25000",
            "2024": "25000",
            "2025e": "20000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 35000.0,
            "2022": 40000.0,
            "2023": 45000.0,
            "2024": 40000.0,
            "2025e": 30000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35000",
            "2022": "40000",
            "2023": "45000",
            "2024": "40000",
            "2025e": "30000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 176000.0,
            "2022": 180000.0,
            "2023": 198000.0,
            "2024": 193000.0,
            "2025e": 160000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "176000",
            "2022": "180000",
            "2023": "198000",
            "2024": "193000",
            "2025e": "160000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments, metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 193000.0,
            "2022": 199000.0,
            "2023": 227000.0,
            "2024": 223000.0,
            "2025e": 180000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "193000",
            "2022": "199000",
            "2023": "227000",
            "2024": "223000",
            "2025e": "180000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 159000.0,
            "2022": 225000.0,
            "2023": 120000.0,
            "2024": 161000.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "159000",
            "2022": "225000",
            "2023": "120000",
            "2024": "161000",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 125000.0,
            "2022": 165000.0,
            "2023": 114000.0,
            "2024": 113000.0,
            "2025e": 95000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "125000",
            "2022": "165000",
            "2023": "114000",
            "2024": "113000",
            "2025e": "95000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 26400.0,
            "2022": 20100.0,
            "2023": 17800.0,
            "2024": 16900.0,
            "2025e": 16000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "26400",
            "2022": "20100",
            "2023": "17800",
            "2024": "16900",
            "2025e": "16000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13500.0,
            "2022": 14400.0,
            "2023": 9570.0,
            "2024": 9190.0,
            "2025e": 8000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13500",
            "2022": "14400",
            "2023": "9570",
            "2024": "9190",
            "2025e": "8000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 12000.0,
            "2022": 12000.0,
            "2023": 10100.0,
            "2024": 9680.0,
            "2025e": 8600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "12000",
            "2022": "12000",
            "2023": "10100",
            "2024": "9680",
            "2025e": "8600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20100.0,
            "2022": 23900.0,
            "2023": 24100.0,
            "2024": 19300.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20100",
            "2022": "23900",
            "2023": "24100",
            "2024": "19300",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 146000.0,
            "2022": 210000.0,
            "2023": 110000.0,
            "2024": 152000.0,
            "2025e": 140000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "146000",
            "2022": "210000",
            "2023": "110000",
            "2024": "152000",
            "2025e": "140000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 148000.0,
            "2022": 193000.0,
            "2023": 148000.0,
            "2024": 143000.0,
            "2025e": 120000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "148000",
            "2022": "193000",
            "2023": "148000",
            "2024": "143000",
            "2025e": "120000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 199000.0,
            "2022": 195000.0,
            "2023": 220000.0,
            "2024": 220000.0,
            "2025e": 180000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "199000",
            "2022": "195000",
            "2023": "220000",
            "2024": "220000",
            "2025e": "180000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 674.0,
            "2022": 797.0,
            "2023": 655.0,
            "2024": 635.0,
            "2025e": 699.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "674",
            "2022": "797",
            "2023": "655",
            "2024": "635",
            "2025e": "699"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1290.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1380.0,
            "2024": 1440.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1290",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1380",
            "2024": "1440",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 587.0,
            "2022": 1080.0,
            "2023": 905.0,
            "2024": 832.0,
            "2025e": 829.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "587",
            "2022": "1080",
            "2023": "905",
            "2024": "832",
            "2025e": "829"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1510.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1850.0,
            "2024": 1910.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1510",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1850",
            "2024": "1910",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 95.0,
            "2024": 95.0,
            "2025e": 95.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">95",
            "2023": ">95",
            "2024": ">95",
            "2025e": ">95"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 76.0,
            "2022": 79.0,
            "2023": 70.0,
            "2024": 72.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "76",
            "2022": "79",
            "2023": "70",
            "2024": "72",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.0,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 674.0,
            "2022": 797.0,
            "2023": 655.0,
            "2024": 635.0,
            "2025e": 699.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "674",
            "2022": "797",
            "2023": "655",
            "2024": "635",
            "2025e": "699"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1290.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1380.0,
            "2024": 1440.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1290",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1380",
            "2024": "1440",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 587.0,
            "2022": 1080.0,
            "2023": 905.0,
            "2024": 832.0,
            "2025e": 829.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "587",
            "2022": "1080",
            "2023": "905",
            "2024": "832",
            "2025e": "829"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Metallic abrasives",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1510.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1850.0,
            "2024": 1910.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1510",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1850",
            "2024": "1910",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 261000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 34600.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 699.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 95.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">95"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 92.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total fused aluminum oxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 68.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 97.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Silicon carbide, ground and refined",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 61.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total silicon carbide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 88.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Metallic abrasives",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 60000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 60000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "60000",
          "production_latest_raw": "60000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 60000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 40000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 50000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "50000",
          "production_latest_raw": "50000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 50000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 0.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Austria",
          "production_prev_year": 90000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 90000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "90000",
          "production_latest_raw": "90000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 90000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 0.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 50000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "50000",
          "production_latest_raw": "50000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 50000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 40000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 800000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "800000",
          "production_latest_raw": "800000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 800000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 450000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "France",
          "production_prev_year": 40000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40000",
          "production_latest_raw": "40000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 40000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 20000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 80000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "80000",
          "production_latest_raw": "80000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 80000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 35000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 40000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40000",
          "production_latest_raw": "40000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 40000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 5000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 15000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "15000",
          "production_latest_raw": "15000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 15000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 60000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 0.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 45000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 0.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 80000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Venezuela",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 0.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 30000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 80000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "80000",
          "production_latest_raw": "80000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 80000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 200000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1310000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1310000",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Fused aluminum oxide": 1300000.0,
            "Silicon carbide": 1000000.0
          }
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. —Zero.",
        "1": "Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports because production includes data from Canada; actual consumption is higher than that shown.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as shipments + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "aluminum",
      "name": "Aluminum",
      "symbol": "Al",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-aluminum.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "2995b3e9e412eed53a9b565743dd8696a7fc0ae10e7f2d95266511a10b1fee30",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, three companies operated six primary aluminum smelters in five States. Two of these smelters operated at full capacity throughout the year, whereas two smelters operated at reduced capacity. Two smelters located in Hawesville, KY, and New Madrid, MO, have been temporarily shut down since 2022 and 2024, respectively. Domestic smelter capacity was 1.31 million tons per year in 2025, unchanged from that in 2024. Estimated primary production and secondary production from new and old scrap both decreased slightly from that in 2024. Based on published prices, the value of primary aluminum production was an estimated $2.6 billion, 35% more than that in 2024. The estimated average annual U.S. market price increased by 39% from that in 2024. Transportation applications accounted for 36% of domestic consumption; the remainder was used in packaging, 24%; building, 13%; electrical, 9%; consumer durables and machinery, 8% each; and other, 2%.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In March, the United States imposed a 25% tariff on aluminum and aluminum derivative products and ended all previously existing country-specific exemptions. The action, authorized under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, was intended to address national security concerns related to the volume of aluminum imports and increase domestic production capacity. By June, tariffs doubled to 50% ad valorem for most countries, except for the United Kingdom, which remained at 25%. In August, over 400 additional aluminum-related tariff codes were added, with the tariffs applying only to the aluminum content of those products. Two aluminum sheet facilities in Virginia and West Virgina closed in May and June, respectively. Commissioning continued at a 650,000-ton-per-year recycled aluminum flat-rolled products mill in Mississippi, which in June had shipped its first coils. In July, production began at an expanded recycling plant in Minnesota, adding 55,000 tons per year of billet capacity and increasing the plant’s total capacity to 165,000 tons per year. In August, plans were announced to restart more than 50,000 tons per year of idled capacity at a 229,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in South Carolina, with full production planned for mid-2026. In September, an expansion project doubled capacity at a high-purity aluminum facility in Iowa. In San Ciprian, Spain, a 228,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter restarted after stopping production in 2022, with full production expected by mid-2026. Operations were expected to begin by yearend at a 500,000-ton-per-year primary aluminum smelter in North Kalimantan, Indonesia. In China, smelters in Guangxi, Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan Provinces resumed production, or completed upgrades, including the addition of new potlines.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Global resources of bauxite are estimated to be between 55 billion and 75 billion tons and are sufficient to meet world demand for aluminum metal well into the future.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings. Glass, paper, plastics, and steel can substitute for aluminum in packaging. Composites, magnesium, steel, and titanium can substitute for aluminum in ground transportation uses. Composites, steel, vinyl, and wood can substitute for aluminum in construction. Copper can replace aluminum in electrical and heat-exchange applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.6 million tons, of which about 56% came from new scrap (manufacturing) and 44% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 28% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 889.0,
            "2022": 861.0,
            "2023": 750.0,
            "2024": 676.0,
            "2025e": 660.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "889",
            "2022": "861",
            "2023": "750",
            "2024": "676",
            "2025e": "660"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (from old scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1520.0,
            "2022": 1480.0,
            "2023": 1560.0,
            "2024": 1560.0,
            "2025e": 1600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1520",
            "2022": "1480",
            "2023": "1560",
            "2024": "1560",
            "2025e": "1600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (from new scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1780.0,
            "2022": 1920.0,
            "2023": 1870.0,
            "2024": 2120.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1780",
            "2022": "1920",
            "2023": "1870",
            "2024": "2120",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Crude and semi-fabricated products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4940.0,
            "2022": 5730.0,
            "2023": 4900.0,
            "2024": 4840.0,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4940",
            "2022": "5730",
            "2023": "4900",
            "2024": "4840",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 679.0,
            "2022": 685.0,
            "2023": 677.0,
            "2024": 700.0,
            "2025e": 890.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "679",
            "2022": "685",
            "2023": "677",
            "2024": "700",
            "2025e": "890"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Crude and semi-fabricated products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 900.0,
            "2022": 1040.0,
            "2023": 1240.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 890.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "900",
            "2022": "1040",
            "2023": "1240",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "890"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1930.0,
            "2022": 1720.0,
            "2023": 1780.0,
            "2024": 2100.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1930",
            "2022": "1720",
            "2023": "1780",
            "2024": "2100",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6240.0,
            "2022": 6910.0,
            "2023": 6210.0,
            "2024": 5830.0,
            "2025e": 5700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6240",
            "2022": "6910",
            "2023": "6210",
            "2024": "5830",
            "2025e": "5700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Supply, apparent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8020.0,
            "2022": 8820.0,
            "2023": 8070.0,
            "2024": 7950.0,
            "2025e": 7700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8020",
            "2022": "8820",
            "2023": "8070",
            "2024": "7950",
            "2025e": "7700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 138.5,
            "2022": 152.6,
            "2023": 125.9,
            "2024": 129.5,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "138.5",
            "2022": "152.6",
            "2023": "125.9",
            "2024": "129.5",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Aluminum industry",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1870.0,
            "2022": 2050.0,
            "2023": 1820.0,
            "2024": 1690.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1870",
            "2022": "2050",
            "2023": "1820",
            "2024": "1690",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "London Metal Exchange (LME), U.S. warehouses",
          "footnote": "6",
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 69.0,
            "2022": 9.0,
            "2023": 5.0,
            "2024": 16.0,
            "2025e": 8.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "69",
            "2022": "9",
            "2023": "5",
            "2024": "16",
            "2025e": "8"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": "7",
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 28900.0,
            "2022": 30200.0,
            "2023": 30500.0,
            "2024": 29900.0,
            "2025e": 30000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "28900",
            "2022": "30200",
            "2023": "30500",
            "2024": "29900",
            "2025e": "30000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 61.0,
            "2022": 66.0,
            "2023": 63.0,
            "2024": 62.0,
            "2025e": 60.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "61",
            "2022": "66",
            "2023": "63",
            "2024": "62",
            "2025e": "60"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 138.5,
            "2022": 152.6,
            "2023": 125.9,
            "2024": 129.5,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "138.5",
            "2022": "152.6",
            "2023": "125.9",
            "2024": "129.5",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 660.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 1600.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 5290.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 3090.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 5700.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 180.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 60.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 3.2,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 56.0
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "share_pct": 8.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Bahrain",
          "share_pct": 4.0
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 3.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 29.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 56.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Arab Emirates",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Bahrain",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 29.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Smelter Production and Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 676.0,
          "production_latest_year": 660.0,
          "capacity": 1310.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "676",
          "production_latest_raw": "660",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 1570.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": 1730.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1570",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bahrain",
          "production_prev_year": 1620.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1600.0,
          "capacity": 1620.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1620",
          "production_latest_raw": "1600",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 1100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1200.0,
          "capacity": 1280.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1100",
          "production_latest_raw": "1200",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 3320.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3300.0,
          "capacity": 3310.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3320",
          "production_latest_raw": "3300",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 44000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 45000.0,
          "capacity": 44600.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "44000",
          "production_latest_raw": "45000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iceland",
          "production_prev_year": 742.0,
          "production_latest_year": 750.0,
          "capacity": 880.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "742",
          "production_latest_raw": "750",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 4200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4200.0,
          "capacity": 4200.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "4200",
          "production_latest_raw": "4200",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "production_prev_year": 1050.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1100.0,
          "capacity": 1080.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1050",
          "production_latest_raw": "1100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "production_prev_year": 1300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": 1460.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1300",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 3880.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3900.0,
          "capacity": 4080.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3880",
          "production_latest_raw": "3900",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "United Arab Emirates",
          "production_prev_year": 2690.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2700.0,
          "capacity": 2790.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2690",
          "production_latest_raw": "2700",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 6680.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7000.0,
          "capacity": 10500.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "6680",
          "production_latest_raw": "7000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 72800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 74000.0,
          "capacity": 78800.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "72800",
          "production_latest_raw": "74000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "See also the Bauxite and Alumina chapter.",
        "2": "Defined as primary production + secondary production from old scrap + imports – exports ± adjustments for stock changes; excludes traded scrap.",
        "3": "These calculations no longer include exported scrap, because its return to the domestic supply cannot be reliably determined.",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for stock changes; excludes traded scrap.",
        "5": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "6": "Includes off-warrant stocks of primary and alloyed aluminum.",
        "7": "Alumina and aluminum production workers (North American Industry Classification System—3313). Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.",
        "8": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes; excludes traded scrap.",
        "9": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "10": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "11": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "antimony",
      "name": "Antimony",
      "symbol": "Sb",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-antimony.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "18c4498ac13ecd988439d7c78fb951d18498b172eea578b36f665a991720ca0d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, antimony content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, metal, average, dollars per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Antimony minimum 99.65%, cost, insurance, and freight. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, one domestic company began mining antimony in Montana. Primary antimony metal and oxide were produced by one company in Montana using imported feedstock. Secondary antimony production came from antimonial lead recovered from spent lead-acid batteries and was intended for the lead-acid battery industry. The estimated value of secondary antimony produced in 2025 was $190 million. Recycling supplied 12% of estimated domestic apparent consumption, and the remainder came from imports. In the United States, the leading uses of antimony were metal products, including flame retardants, 49%; antimonial lead and ammunition, 40%; and nonmetal products, including ceramics and glass and rubber products, 11%.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The average antimony price in 2025 was $25 per pound, more than double of that in 2024. In 2024, the average monthly antimony price nearly doubled from $9.8 per pound in August to $18.10 per pound in December after China announced export restrictions on antimony in August and then banned all exports of antimony to the United States in December. The prices increased an additional 52% to $27.50 per pound by June 2025 followed by a decrease to $20.30 per pound in November. In October, a mining company in Idaho broke ground for construction of an antimony mine. The company was conditionally awarded $80 million of funding from the U.S. Department of War to reestablish a domestic source of antimony. According to the company, the project has total proven and probable mineral reserves of 14 million tons of antimony with an ore cutoff grade of 0.42% contained antimony. In November, another company announced that mining started at the Stibnite Hill Mine in Montana.",
      "world_resources_summary": "U.S. resources of antimony are mainly in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. Principal identified world resources are in Australia, Bolivia, Burma, China, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Tajikistan. Additional antimony resources may occur in Mississippi Valley-type lead deposits in the Eastern United States.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Selected organic compounds and hydrated aluminum oxide are substitutes as flame retardants. Chromium, tin, titanium, zinc, and zirconium compounds substitute for antimony chemicals in enamels, paint, and pigments. Combinations of calcium, copper, selenium, sulfur, and tin are substitutes for alloys in lead-acid batteries.",
      "recycling_summary": "The bulk of secondary antimony is recovered at secondary lead smelters as antimonial lead, most of which was generated by, and then consumed by, the lead-acid battery industry.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine (recoverable antimony)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Smelter",
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 586.0,
            "2023": 452.0,
            "2024": 588.0,
            "2025e": 700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "586",
            "2023": "452",
            "2024": "588",
            "2025e": "700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Smelter",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4050.0,
            "2022": 4100.0,
            "2023": 3490.0,
            "2024": 3330.0,
            "2025e": 3500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4050",
            "2022": "4100",
            "2023": "3490",
            "2024": "3330",
            "2025e": "3500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ore and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 29.0,
            "2023": 6.0,
            "2024": 430.0,
            "2025e": 600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "29",
            "2023": "6",
            "2024": "430",
            "2025e": "600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 19100.0,
            "2022": 17000.0,
            "2023": 14000.0,
            "2024": 24000.0,
            "2025e": 39000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "19100",
            "2022": "17000",
            "2023": "14000",
            "2024": "24000",
            "2025e": "39000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Unwrought, powder",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6970.0,
            "2022": 6510.0,
            "2023": 6060.0,
            "2024": 4920.0,
            "2025e": 4500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6970",
            "2022": "6510",
            "2023": "6060",
            "2024": "4920",
            "2025e": "4500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Antimony articles",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 514.0,
            "2022": 1790.0,
            "2023": 1620.0,
            "2024": 323.0,
            "2025e": 350.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "514",
            "2022": "1790",
            "2023": "1620",
            "2024": "323",
            "2025e": "350"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Waste and scrap",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13.0,
            "2022": 71.0,
            "2023": 3.0,
            "2024": 13.0,
            "2025e": 200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13",
            "2022": "71",
            "2023": "3",
            "2024": "13",
            "2025e": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ore and concentrates",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9.0,
            "2022": 53.0,
            "2023": 24.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 5.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9",
            "2022": "53",
            "2023": "24",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "5"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1530.0,
            "2022": 2430.0,
            "2023": 1740.0,
            "2024": 2690.0,
            "2025e": 2900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1530",
            "2022": "2430",
            "2023": "1740",
            "2024": "2690",
            "2025e": "2900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Unwrought, powder",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 824.0,
            "2022": 1230.0,
            "2023": 1510.0,
            "2024": 1570.0,
            "2025e": 240.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "824",
            "2022": "1230",
            "2023": "1510",
            "2024": "1570",
            "2025e": "240"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Antimony articles",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 97.0,
            "2022": 585.0,
            "2023": 433.0,
            "2024": 125.0,
            "2025e": 130.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "97",
            "2022": "585",
            "2023": "433",
            "2024": "125",
            "2025e": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Waste and scrap",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 136.0,
            "2022": 26.0,
            "2023": 2.0,
            "2024": 40.0,
            "2025e": 6.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "136",
            "2022": "26",
            "2023": "2",
            "2024": "40",
            "2025e": "6"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 27800.0,
            "2022": 24500.0,
            "2023": 20700.0,
            "2024": 28600.0,
            "2025e": 45000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "27800",
            "2022": "24500",
            "2023": "20700",
            "2024": "28600",
            "2025e": "45000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, metal, average, dollars per pound",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, metal, average, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.31,
            "2022": 6.18,
            "2023": 5.49,
            "2024": 10.24,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.31",
            "2022": "6.18",
            "2023": "5.49",
            "2024": "10.24",
            "2025e": "25"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.0,
            "2022": 81.0,
            "2023": 81.0,
            "2024": 86.0,
            "2025e": 91.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85",
            "2022": "81",
            "2023": "81",
            "2024": "86",
            "2025e": "91"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, metal, average, dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, metal, average, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.31,
            "2022": 6.18,
            "2023": 5.49,
            "2024": 10.24,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.31",
            "2022": "6.18",
            "2023": "5.49",
            "2024": "10.24",
            "2025e": "25"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 700.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 3500.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 44650.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 3281.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 45000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 25.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 91.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "mined_production": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 700.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ore and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 86.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Italy",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Oxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 66.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Bolivia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Unwrought metal and powder",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            },
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Vietnam",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total metal and oxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 55.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 19.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-2024",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 60000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": "60000",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 1270.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 110000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1270",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "110000",
          "note": "footnote 8",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 5300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 310000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5300",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": "310000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Burma",
          "production_prev_year": 4500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 140000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4500",
          "production_latest_raw": "4500",
          "reserves_raw": "140000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 78000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "78000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 40000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 830000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "40000",
          "production_latest_raw": "40000",
          "reserves_raw": "830000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Guatemala",
          "production_prev_year": 50.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "50",
          "production_latest_raw": "50",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 90.0,
          "production_latest_year": 90.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "90",
          "production_latest_raw": "90",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "800",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kyrgyzstan",
          "production_prev_year": 700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 260000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "700",
          "production_latest_raw": "700",
          "reserves_raw": "260000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Laos",
          "production_prev_year": 200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "200",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 18000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "600",
          "production_latest_raw": "600",
          "reserves_raw": "18000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Pakistan",
          "production_prev_year": 260.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 26000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "260",
          "production_latest_raw": "260",
          "reserves_raw": "26000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 40000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 32000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 350000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "40000",
          "production_latest_raw": "32000",
          "reserves_raw": "350000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tajikistan",
          "production_prev_year": 22000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 22000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 60000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "22000",
          "production_latest_raw": "22000",
          "reserves_raw": "60000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 99000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "99000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 220.0,
          "production_latest_year": 220.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 54000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "220",
          "production_latest_raw": "220",
          "reserves_raw": "54000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 119000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 110000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "119000",
          "production_latest_raw": "110000",
          "reserves_raw": ">2,000,000",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "Gross weight.",
        "2": "Defined as primary production + secondary production from old scrap + imports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal – exports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal.",
        "3": "Antimony minimum 99.65%, cost, insurance, and freight. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "4": "Defined as imports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal, powder – exports of antimony in oxide and unwrought metal, powder.",
        "5": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "7": "Company-reported probable reserves for the Stibnite Gold Project in Idaho.",
        "8": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 11,000 tons.",
        "9": "In addition to the countries listed, antimony may have been produced in other countries, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. Does not include production in the United States."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "arsenic",
      "name": "Arsenic",
      "symbol": "As",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-arsenic.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "2344d21a385e4fada4d5e0f81c48391604963e46c04c259236a54793178eceb3",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, arsenic content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, metal, annual average, U.S. warehouse, dollars per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Minimum 99% arsenic. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Arsenic trioxide and primary arsenic metal have not been produced in the United States since 1985. The principal use for arsenic compounds was in herbicides and insecticides. Arsenic trioxide was predominantly used for the production of arsenic acid, which is a key ingredient in the production of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) preservatives. CCA preservatives are used for the pressure treating of lumber for primarily nonresidential applications such as light poles, marine applications, and retaining walls. Seven companies produced CCA-treated wood in the United States in 2025. High-purity (99.9999%) arsenic metal was used to produce gallium-arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors for solar cells, space research, and telecommunications; germanium- arsenide-selenide specialty optical materials; and indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs) for use in shortwave infrared technology. Arsenic metal was used as an antifriction additive for bearings, to harden lead shot and clip-on wheel weights, and to strengthen the grids in lead-acid storage batteries. The estimated value of arsenic compounds and metal imported domestically in 2025 was $8.4 million. Given that arsenic metal has not been produced domestically since 1985, it is likely that only a small portion of the material reported by the U.S. Census Bureau as arsenic exports was pure arsenic metal, and most of the material that was reported under this category reflects the gross weight of alloys, compounds, residues, scrap, and waste products containing arsenic. Therefore, the estimated consumption reported under U.S. salient statistics reflects only imports of arsenic products. Domestically, the leading use of arsenic was for the production of herbicides, insecticides, and wood preservatives (more than 80%), followed by metallurgical and semiconductor applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Peru, China, and Morocco, in descending order of production, continued to be the leading global producers of arsenic trioxide, accounting for more than 95% of estimated world production in 2025. China supplied more than 80% of United States imports of arsenic trioxide and more than 90% of arsenic metal imports through July 2025. Malaysia supplied almost all of the arsenic acid that was imported through July 2025. High-purity arsenic metal was used to produce GaAs, indium-arsenide, and InGaAs semiconductors that were used in aerospace devices, biomedical devices, military applications, mobile devices, optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic applications, satellites, and wireless communications.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Arsenic may be obtained from copper, gold, and lead smelter flue dust, as well as from roasting arsenopyrite, the most abundant ore mineral of arsenic. Arsenic has been recovered from orpiment and realgar in China, Peru, and the Philippines and from copper-gold ores in Chile, and arsenic is associated with gold occurrences in Canada. Orpiment and realgar from gold mines in Sichuan Province, China, were stockpiled for later recovery of arsenic. Arsenic also may be recovered from enargite, a copper mineral. Arsenic trioxide was produced at the hydrometallurgical complex of Guemassa, near Marrakech, Morocco, from cobalt-arsenide ore from the Bou Azzer Mine. World reserve data were unavailable but were estimated to be more than 20 times world production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes for CCA in wood treatment include alkaline copper quaternary, ammoniacal copper quaternary, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate, alkaline copper quaternary boron-based preservatives, copper azole, copper citrate, and copper naphthenate. Treated wood substitutes include concrete, plastic composite material, plasticized wood scrap, or steel. Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor power amplifiers compete with GaAs power amplifiers in midtier third-generation cellular handsets. Many semiconductor manufacturers were moving away from GaAs- and silicon-based lateral diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors to those using gallium nitride. Indium phosphide components can be substituted for GaAs-based infrared laser diodes in some specific-wavelength applications, and helium-neon lasers compete with GaAs in visible laser diode applications. Silicon is the principal competitor with GaAs in solar-cell applications. In many defense-related applications, GaAs-based integrated circuits are used because of their unique properties, and no effective substitutes exist for GaAs in these applications. In heterojunction bipolar transistors, GaAs is being replaced in some applications by silicon-germanium.",
      "recycling_summary": "Arsenic metal was contained in new scrap recycled during GaAs semiconductor manufacturing. Arsenic-containing process water was internally recycled at wood treatment plants where CCA was used. Although scrap electronic circuit boards, relays, and switches may contain arsenic, no arsenic was known to have been recovered during the recycling process to recover other contained metals. No arsenic was recovered domestically from arsenic-containing residues and dusts generated at nonferrous smelters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Arsenic metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 835.0,
            "2022": 896.0,
            "2023": 612.0,
            "2024": 533.0,
            "2025e": 740.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "835",
            "2022": "896",
            "2023": "612",
            "2024": "533",
            "2025e": "740"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Compounds",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4730.0,
            "2022": 9190.0,
            "2023": 5810.0,
            "2024": 9070.0,
            "2025e": 5500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4730",
            "2022": "9190",
            "2023": "5810",
            "2024": "9070",
            "2025e": "5500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5560.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 6430.0,
            "2024": 9610.0,
            "2025e": 6300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5560",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "6430",
            "2024": "9610",
            "2025e": "6300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports, arsenic metal",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Exports, arsenic metal",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 82.0,
            "2023": 34.0,
            "2024": 138.0,
            "2025e": 51.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "82",
            "2023": "34",
            "2024": "138",
            "2025e": "51"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, estimated, all forms of arsenic",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, estimated, all forms of arsenic",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5560.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 6430.0,
            "2024": 9610.0,
            "2025e": 6300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5560",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "6430",
            "2024": "9610",
            "2025e": "6300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, metal, annual average, U.S. warehouse, dollars per pound",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, metal, annual average, U.S. warehouse, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.11,
            "2022": 1.82,
            "2023": 2.05,
            "2024": 1.97,
            "2025e": 1.85
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.11",
            "2022": "1.82",
            "2023": "2.05",
            "2024": "1.97",
            "2025e": "1.85"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption, all forms of arsenic",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption, all forms of arsenic",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, metal, annual average, U.S. warehouse, dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, metal, annual average, U.S. warehouse, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.11,
            "2022": 1.82,
            "2023": 2.05,
            "2024": 1.97,
            "2025e": 1.85
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.11",
            "2022": "1.82",
            "2023": "2.05",
            "2024": "1.97",
            "2025e": "1.85"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 6300.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 51.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 6300.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1.85,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Arsenic acid",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 99.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 1.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Arsenic metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 95.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Arsenic trioxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 61.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Morocco",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "All forms of arsenic",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Morocco",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production and Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 0.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Belgium",
          "production_prev_year": 1000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": 1500.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1000",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 24000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 24000.0,
          "capacity": 30000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "24000",
          "production_latest_raw": "24000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 40.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 60.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Morocco",
          "production_prev_year": 6000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": 8000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "6000",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 31000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 30000.0,
          "capacity": 37000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "31000",
          "production_latest_raw": "30000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": 4000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "500",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 62500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 61000.0,
          "capacity": 81000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "62500",
          "production_latest_raw": "61000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. — Zero.",
        "1": "Arsenic content of arsenic metal is 100%; arsenic content of arsenic compounds is 52.8% for arsenic acid, 60.7% for arsenic sulfide, 41.33% for arsenic trichloride, and 75.71% for arsenic trioxide.",
        "2": "Arsenic content calculated from the reported gross weight of imports. See footnote 1 for content percentages of arsenic metal and compounds.",
        "3": "May include alloys, compounds, and waste.",
        "4": "Estimated to be the same as total imports.",
        "5": "Minimum 99% arsenic. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "6": "Defined as imports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "Includes calculated arsenic trioxide equivalent of output of elemental arsenic compounds other than arsenic trioxide; inclusion of such materials would not duplicate reported arsenic trioxide production. Chile and Mexico were estimated to be significant producers of commercial-grade arsenic trioxide but have reported no production in recent years.",
        "9": "Yearend operation capacity.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "barite",
      "name": "Barite",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-barite.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "78c4191315efe0a1ec006a34fe115fdbcc530d43529fff32c843a58a7ccc1377",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value, ground, ex-works, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, three companies mined barite at four operations in Nevada. Mine production increased, but data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. An estimated 2.3 million tons of barite (from domestic production and imports) was sold by companies that operated crushers and grinders in nine States. Typically, more than 90% of the barite sold in the United States is used as a weighting agent in fluids used in the drilling of oil and natural gas wells. The majority of Nevada crude barite was ground in Nevada and then sold to companies drilling in the Central and Western United States. Because of the higher cost of rail and truck transportation compared with ocean freight, offshore and onshore drilling operations in other regions primarily used imported barite. Barite also is used as a filler, extender, or weighting agent in products such as paints, plastics, and rubber. Some specific applications include use in automobile brake and clutch pads, in automobile paint primer for metal protection and gloss, as a weighting agent in rubber, and in the cement jacket around underwater petroleum pipelines. In the metal-casting industry, barite is part of the mold-release compounds. Because barite significantly blocks X-ray and gamma-ray emissions, it is used as aggregate in high-density concrete for radiation shielding around X-ray units in hospitals, nuclear powerplants, and university nuclear research facilities. Ultrapure barite is used as a contrast medium in X-ray and computed tomography examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Rig counts for oil and gas production are often used as an indicator of barite consumption. However, barite use per rig has been increasing owing to deeper oil and gas wells that require fewer rigs for oil and gas production. Through October 2025, the world annual average rig count excluding the United States was 1,258 compared with 1,349 through the same period in 2024 and the domestic average rig count was 564 compared with 599 through the same period in 2024. Despite the decrease in global and domestic drill rig counts, barite sales were estimated to have increased. A company in Kazakhstan announced that it planned to start mining barite in Qaraghandy Province.",
      "world_resources_summary": "In the United States, identified resources of barite were estimated to be 150 million tons, and undiscovered resources contributed an additional 150 million tons. The world’s barite resources in all categories were about 2 billion tons, but only about 740 million tons were identified resources.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Owing to technical and economic factors, there are no large-scale alternatives to barite in oil- and gas- drilling fluids. Calcium carbonate, hematite, ilmenite, and manganese tetroxide are the most common alternatives used in specific circumstances. Some technical literature and patents also mention use of celestite, iron carbonate, and strontium carbonate, but these are not estimated to be widely used.",
      "recycling_summary": "None.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Sold or used, mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ground and crushed",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1670.0,
            "2022": 2220.0,
            "2023": 2260.0,
            "2024": 2280.0,
            "2025e": 2300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1670",
            "2022": "2220",
            "2023": "2260",
            "2024": "2280",
            "2025e": "2300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "For consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1660.0,
            "2022": 2330.0,
            "2023": 2420.0,
            "2024": 1880.0,
            "2025e": 2300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1660",
            "2022": "2330",
            "2023": "2420",
            "2024": "1880",
            "2025e": "2300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "General",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1440.0,
            "2022": 1890.0,
            "2023": 2220.0,
            "2024": 1810.0,
            "2025e": 1700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1440",
            "2022": "1890",
            "2023": "2220",
            "2024": "1810",
            "2025e": "1700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 62.0,
            "2022": 87.0,
            "2023": 75.0,
            "2024": 65.0,
            "2025e": 67.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "62",
            "2022": "87",
            "2023": "75",
            "2024": "65",
            "2025e": "67"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent (crude and ground)",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (crude and ground)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average unit value, ground, ex-works, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value, ground, ex-works, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 167.0,
            "2022": 145.0,
            "2023": 218.0,
            "2024": 210.0,
            "2025e": 210.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "167",
            "2022": "145",
            "2023": "218",
            "2024": "210",
            "2025e": "210"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 330.0,
            "2022": 380.0,
            "2023": 440.0,
            "2024": 400.0,
            "2025e": 400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "330",
            "2022": "380",
            "2023": "440",
            "2024": "400",
            "2025e": "400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import relianceas a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import relianceas a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 75.0,
            "2024": 75.0,
            "2025e": 75.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">75",
            "2022": ">75",
            "2023": ">75",
            "2024": ">75",
            "2025e": ">75"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average unit value, ground, ex-works, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value, ground, ex-works, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 167.0,
            "2022": 145.0,
            "2023": 218.0,
            "2024": 210.0,
            "2025e": 210.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "167",
            "2022": "145",
            "2023": "218",
            "2024": "210",
            "2025e": "210"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 4000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 67.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 210.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 75.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">75",
        "mined_production": "W",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "India",
          "share_pct": 39.0
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 21.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Morocco",
          "share_pct": 19.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_pct": 14.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 7.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 39.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Morocco",
              "share_pct": 19.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 2100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 120000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2100",
          "production_latest_raw": "2200",
          "reserves_raw": "120000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 2600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 51000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2600",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "51000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "300",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": "100000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 650.0,
          "production_latest_year": 700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 85000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "650",
          "production_latest_raw": "700",
          "reserves_raw": "85000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Laos",
          "production_prev_year": 250.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "250",
          "production_latest_raw": "260",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 244.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "244",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Morocco",
          "production_prev_year": 930.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "930",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Pakistan",
          "production_prev_year": 94.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "94",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 230.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 12000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "200",
          "production_latest_raw": "230",
          "reserves_raw": "12000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 261.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 34000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "261",
          "production_latest_raw": "260",
          "reserves_raw": "34000",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 340.0,
          "production_latest_year": 350.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "340",
          "production_latest_raw": "350",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 8000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 8700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "8000",
          "production_latest_raw": "8700",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "1": "Imported and domestic barite, crushed and ground, sold or used by domestic grinding establishments.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 2511.10.1000, 2511.10.5000, and 2833.27.0000. General imports and imports for consumption data differ because of barite processed in free trade zones. General import data reports the form of imported barite at the time it entered the United States, whereas imports for consumption data reports crude barite processed in free trade zones as ground. Imports for consumption may not be immediately reported depending on processing time.",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 2511.10.1000 and 2833.27.0000.",
        "4": "Defined as mine production (sold or used) + imports for consumption – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as imports for consumption – exports.",
        "6": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "7": "Source: Baker Hughes Co., 2025, Worldwide Rig Count: Baker Hughes Co. (Accessed November 14, 2025, at https://bakerhughesrigcount.gcs- web.com/intl-rig-count.)",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "Reported.",
        "10": "Excludes U.S. production."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "beryllium",
      "name": "Beryllium",
      "symbol": "Be",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-beryllium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "dee2faa35a4a824d04f37cf74e732074a315e8d541efc14d78d458f9ac9f317a",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, beryllium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average unit value, beryllium-copper master alloy, dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Utah mined bertrandite ore and converted it, along with imported beryl, into beryllium hydroxide. Some of the beryllium hydroxide was shipped to the company’s plant in Ohio, where it was converted into metal, oxide, and downstream beryllium-copper master alloy, and some was sold. Estimated beryllium apparent consumption in 2025 was 230 tons and was valued at about $360 million based on the most recent beryllium price estimate. Based on sales revenues, approximately 29% of beryllium products were used in consumer electronics, 24% in aerospace and defense applications, 17% in industrial components, 9% in automotive electronics, 8% in energy applications, 2% in semiconductor applications, and 11% in other applications. Beryllium alloy strip and bulk products, the most common forms of processed beryllium, were used in all application areas. Most unalloyed beryllium metal and beryllium composite products were used in defense and scientific applications. The U.S. Department of War supports the availability of domestic beryllium to meet critical defense needs. In 2010, under the Defense Production Act, Title III, a public-private partnership with the leading U.S. beryllium producer reestablished domestic production of beryllium metal.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Apparent consumption in 2025 increased by 2% from that in 2024 owing primarily to a 43% decrease in estimated beryllium exports, offset by a 34% decrease in estimated imports. The decrease in exports reflected a large reduction in beryllium metal exports to Canada, China, France, and Germany. The decrease in imports reflected a reduction in beryllium metal imports from Germany, Kazakhstan, and Latvia. During the first 6 months of 2025, the leading U.S. beryllium producer reported that net sales of its beryllium alloy strip and bulk products and beryllium metal and composite products were about the same as those during the first 6 months of 2024. Net sales of beryllium products decreased primarily in the automotive electronics, consumer electronics, and life sciences end markets. Because of the toxic nature of beryllium, various international, national, and State guidelines and regulations have been established regarding beryllium in air, water, and other media. Industry is required to carefully control the quantity of beryllium dust, fumes, and mists in the workplace.",
      "world_resources_summary": "The world’s identified resources of beryllium have been estimated to be more than 100,000 tons. About 60% of these resources are in the United States; by tonnage, the Spor Mountain area in Utah, the McCullough Butte area in Nevada, the Black Hills area in South Dakota, the Sierra Blanca area in Texas, the Seward Peninsula in Alaska, and the Gold Hill area in Utah account for most of the total.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Because the cost of beryllium is high compared with that of other materials, it is used in applications in which its properties are crucial. In some applications, certain metal matrix or organic composites, high-strength grades of aluminum, pyrolytic graphite, silicon carbide, steel, or titanium may be substituted for beryllium metal or beryllium composites. Copper alloys containing nickel and silicon, tin, titanium, or other alloying elements or phosphor bronze alloys (copper-tin-phosphorus) may be substituted for beryllium-copper alloys, but these substitutions can result in substantially reduced performance. Aluminum nitride or boron nitride may be substituted for beryllium oxide.",
      "recycling_summary": "Beryllium was recovered from new scrap generated during the manufacture of beryllium products and from old scrap. Detailed data on the quantities of beryllium recycled were not available but may account for as much as 20% to 25% of total beryllium consumption. The leading U.S. beryllium producer managed a recycling program for all its beryllium products, recovering approximately 40% of the beryllium content of the new and old beryllium alloy scrap.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, mine shipments",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, mine shipments",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 175.0,
            "2022": 175.0,
            "2023": 185.0,
            "2024": 230.0,
            "2025e": 230.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "175",
            "2022": "175",
            "2023": "185",
            "2024": "230",
            "2025e": "230"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 49.0,
            "2022": 39.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 16.0,
            "2025e": 10.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "49",
            "2022": "39",
            "2023": "25",
            "2024": "16",
            "2025e": "10"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 30.0,
            "2022": 59.0,
            "2023": 68.0,
            "2024": 26.0,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "30",
            "2022": "59",
            "2023": "68",
            "2024": "26",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 9.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7",
            "2022": "9",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 196.0,
            "2022": 189.0,
            "2023": 142.0,
            "2024": 220.0,
            "2025e": 230.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "196",
            "2022": "189",
            "2023": "142",
            "2024": "220",
            "2025e": "230"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, ore",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 170.0,
            "2022": 170.0,
            "2023": 180.0,
            "2024": 180.0,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "170",
            "2022": "170",
            "2023": "180",
            "2024": "180",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, annual average unit value, beryllium-copper master alloy, dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, annual average unit value, beryllium-copper master alloy, dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 680.0,
            "2022": 660.0,
            "2023": 1400.0,
            "2024": 1500.0,
            "2025e": 1600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "680",
            "2022": "660",
            "2023": "1400",
            "2024": "1500",
            "2025e": "1600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, ore, industry, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, ore, industry, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 10.0,
            "2023": 10.0,
            "2024": 10.0,
            "2025e": 10.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "10",
            "2023": "10",
            "2024": "10",
            "2025e": "10"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.0,
            "2022": 7.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11",
            "2022": "7",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, annual average unit value, beryllium-copper master alloy, dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average unit value, beryllium-copper master alloy, dollars per kilogram of contained beryllium",
          "values": {
            "2021": 680.0,
            "2022": 660.0,
            "2023": 1400.0,
            "2024": 1500.0,
            "2025e": 1600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "680",
            "2022": "660",
            "2023": "1400",
            "2024": "1500",
            "2025e": "1600"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 230.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 10.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 15.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 230.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1600.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "E"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 0.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "share_pct": 31.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Latvia",
          "share_pct": 25.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_pct": 19.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "share_pct": 5.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 20.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Latvia",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 19.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 230.0,
          "production_latest_year": 230.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "230",
          "production_latest_raw": "230",
          "reserves_raw": "The United States has very little beryl that can be",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 80.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "80",
          "production_latest_raw": "80",
          "reserves_raw": "economically hand sorted from pegmatite",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 78.0,
          "production_latest_year": 77.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "78",
          "production_latest_raw": "77",
          "reserves_raw": "deposits. An epithermal deposit in the Spor",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": "Mountain area in Utah is a large bertrandite",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "production_prev_year": 3.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3",
          "production_latest_raw": "3",
          "reserves_raw": "resource, which is being mined. Proven and",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "production_prev_year": 40.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": "probable bertrandite reserves in Utah total about",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Rwanda",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": "19,000 tons of beryllium content. World beryllium",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 433.0,
          "production_latest_year": 430.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "433",
          "production_latest_raw": "430",
          "reserves_raw": "reserves were not available.",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes estimated beryllium content of imported ores and concentrates, oxide and hydroxide, unwrought metal (including powders), beryllium articles, waste and scrap, beryllium-copper master alloy, and beryllium-copper plates, sheets, and strip.",
        "2": "Includes estimated beryllium content of exported unwrought metal (including powders), beryllium articles, and waste and scrap.",
        "3": "Change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. Negative values indicate increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes are no longer available.",
        "4": "Defined for 2020–22 as production + imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "5": "Calculated from gross weight and customs value of imports; beryllium content estimated to be 4%. Rounded to two significant figures.",
        "6": "Defined for 2020–22 as imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "7": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "8": "In addition to the countries listed, Kazakhstan and Portugal may have produced beryl ore, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. Other nations that produced gemstone beryl ore may also have produced some industrial beryl ore.",
        "9": "Based on 4% beryllium content of bertrandite and beryl sources.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. Reserves The United States has very little beryl that can be economically hand sorted from pegmatite deposits. An epithermal deposit in the Spor Mountain area in Utah is a large bertrandite resource, which is being mined. Proven and probable bertrandite reserves in Utah total about 19,000 tons of beryllium content. World beryllium reserves were not available."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "bismuth",
      "name": "Bismuth",
      "symbol": "Bi",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-bismuth.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "9f2f3d99adeee708d55bb17b1329b18f6ac1dafe98debbb4ef716c175eff70a7",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Prices are based on data available through October 2025 of 99.99%-purity metal at warehouse (Rotterdam) in minimum lots of 1 ton. Source: Fastmarkets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "The United States ceased production of primary refined bismuth in 1997 and is highly import reliant. Bismuth is contained in some lead ores mined domestically. However, the last domestic primary lead smelter closed at yearend 2013; since then, all lead concentrates have been exported for smelting. Most domestic bismuth consumption was for chemicals used in cosmetic, industrial, laboratory, and pharmaceutical applications. Bismuth use in pharmaceuticals included bismuth subsalicylate (the active ingredient in over-the-counter stomach remedies) and other compounds used to treat burns, intestinal disorders, and stomach ulcers. Bismuth compounds such as bismuth nitrate, bismuth oxychloride, and bismuth vanadate are also used in industrial applications for the manufacture of ceramic glazes, crystalware, high-performance pigments, and pearlescent pigments. Bismuth has a wide variety of metallurgical applications, including use as an additive to improve metal integrity of malleable cast iron in the foundry industry and as a nontoxic replacement for lead in brass, free-machining aluminum alloys and steels, and solders. The use of bismuth in brass for pipe fittings, fixtures, and water meters increased after 2014, when the definition of “lead-free” under the Safe Drinking Water Act was modified to reduce the maximum lead content of “lead-free” pipes and plumbing fixtures to 0.25% from 8%. The melting point of bismuth is relatively low at 271 degrees Celsius. Bismuth is an important component of various fusible alloys that can be used in holding devices for grinding optical lenses, as plugs for abandoned oil wells, as a temporary filler to prevent damage to tubes in bending operations, as a triggering mechanism for fire sprinklers, and in other applications in which a low melting point is ideal. Bismuth-tellurium-oxide alloy film paste is used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, average monthly prices for bismuth (in-warehouse, Rotterdam) increased from $5.96 per pound in January to $17.50 per pound in October. The highest monthly average price was $34.22 per pound in March, owing to China issuing export controls on bismuth in response to the United States imposing 10% import tariffs on Chinese goods in February. The estimated annual average price in 2025 was $20 per pound, almost four times the price in 2024 and the highest annual average price on record. United States bismuth metal imports (under Harmonized System code 8106) from China decreased by 40% to an estimated 460 tons for the full year of 2025 from 760 tons in 2024. Estimated world production of bismuth was 16,000 tons in 2025. China accounted for 88% of the bismuth world production in 2025. Reported bismuth production capacities were unavailable.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Bismuth reserves and resources data were generally not reported at a mine or country level and thus difficult to quantify. Bismuth minerals rarely occur in sufficient quantities to be mined as principal products; bismuth is produced most often as a byproduct during the processing of lead ores. In China and Vietnam, bismuth is also produced as a byproduct or coproduct of tungsten and other metal ore processing. In Japan and the Republic of Korea, bismuth is produced as a byproduct or coproduct of zinc ore processing. The Tasna Mine in Bolivia, which has been inactive since 1996, and a mine in China are the only mines where bismuth has been the primary product.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Bismuth compounds can be replaced in pharmaceutical applications by alumina, antibiotics, calcium carbonate, and magnesia. Titanium-dioxide-coated mica flakes and fish-scale extracts are substitutes in certain pigment uses. Cadmium, indium, lead, and tin can partially replace bismuth in low-temperature solders. Resins can replace bismuth alloys for holding metal shapes during machining, and glycerin-filled glass bulbs can replace bismuth alloys in triggering devices for fire sprinklers. Free-machining alloys can contain lead, selenium, or tellurium as a replacement for bismuth. Bismuth is a nontoxic substitute for lead in plumbing and many other applications, including fishing weights, hunting ammunition, lubricating greases, and soldering alloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Recycled bismuth-containing alloy scrap was estimated to compose up to 10% of U.S. bismuth apparent consumption for the years 2021–25.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Refinery",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 80.0,
            "2022": 80.0,
            "2023": 80.0,
            "2024": 80.0,
            "2025e": 80.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "80",
            "2022": "80",
            "2023": "80",
            "2024": "80",
            "2025e": "80"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Containing more than 99.99% bismuth, by weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 740.0,
            "2023": 731.0,
            "2024": 626.0,
            "2025e": 650.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "740",
            "2023": "731",
            "2024": "626",
            "2025e": "650"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 2340.0,
            "2023": 1110.0,
            "2024": 1180.0,
            "2025e": 820.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "2340",
            "2023": "1110",
            "2024": "1180",
            "2025e": "820"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1980.0,
            "2022": 3080.0,
            "2023": 1840.0,
            "2024": 1800.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1980",
            "2022": "3080",
            "2023": "1840",
            "2024": "1800",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Containing more than 99.99% bismuth, by weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 144.0,
            "2023": 131.0,
            "2024": 430.0,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "144",
            "2023": "131",
            "2024": "430",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 360.0,
            "2023": 329.0,
            "2024": 620.0,
            "2025e": 360.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "360",
            "2023": "329",
            "2024": "620",
            "2025e": "360"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports, metal, alloys, and scrap",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1010.0,
            "2022": 503.0,
            "2023": 460.0,
            "2024": 1050.0,
            "2025e": 540.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1010",
            "2022": "503",
            "2023": "460",
            "2024": "1050",
            "2025e": "540"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1030.0,
            "2022": 2600.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 830.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1030",
            "2022": "2600",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "830",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 597.0,
            "2022": 724.0,
            "2023": 691.0,
            "2024": 700.0,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "597",
            "2022": "724",
            "2023": "691",
            "2024": "700",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.74,
            "2022": 3.9,
            "2023": 4.08,
            "2024": 5.4,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3.74",
            "2022": "3.90",
            "2023": "4.08",
            "2024": "5.40",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, yearend, consumer, bismuth metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend, consumer, bismuth metal",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 297.0,
            "2022": 356.0,
            "2023": 365.0,
            "2024": 365.0,
            "2025e": 360.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "297",
            "2022": "356",
            "2023": "365",
            "2024": "365",
            "2025e": "360"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 92.0,
            "2022": 97.0,
            "2023": 94.0,
            "2024": 90.0,
            "2025e": 92.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "92",
            "2022": "97",
            "2023": "94",
            "2024": "90",
            "2025e": "92"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.74,
            "2022": 3.9,
            "2023": 4.08,
            "2024": 5.4,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3.74",
            "2022": "3.90",
            "2023": "4.08",
            "2024": "5.40",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 80.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 1500.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 540.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 1000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 20.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 92.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 56.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Republic of Korea",
          "share_pct": 22.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "share_pct": 13.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 9.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 56.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Refinery Production and Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 50.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "50",
          "production_latest_raw": "50",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bulgaria",
          "production_prev_year": 48.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "48",
          "production_latest_raw": "50",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 14000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 14000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "14000",
          "production_latest_raw": "14000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "500",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 180.0,
          "production_latest_year": 180.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "180",
          "production_latest_raw": "180",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 1000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1000",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Laos",
          "production_prev_year": 492.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "492",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 16300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 16000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "16300",
          "production_latest_raw": "16000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 8106.00.0000 (for the year 2021), and 8106.10.0000 and 8106.90.0000 (for the years 2022–25).",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 8106.00.0000 (for the year 2021), and 8106.10.0000 and 8106.90.0000 (for the years 2022–25).",
        "3": "Defined as secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "4": "Prices are based on data available through October 2025 of 99.99%-purity metal at warehouse (Rotterdam) in minimum lots of 1 ton. Source: Fastmarkets.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "7": "Reported.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "boron",
      "name": "Boron",
      "symbol": "B",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-boron.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "a7606ad4a3c2b0b24d3fd7f3092fdd71f6256b196875137d9b9dfb1c591d2ec9",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of combined imports, cost, insurance, and freight, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Three companies in southern California produced borates in 2025, and most of the boron products consumed in the United States were manufactured domestically. Estimated boron production was essentially the same in 2025 compared with production in 2024. U.S. boron production and consumption data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. The leading boron producer mined borate ores, which contain the minerals kernite, tincal, and ulexite, by open pit methods and operated associated compound plants. Kernite was used to produce boric acid, tincal was used to produce sodium borate, and ulexite was used as a primary ingredient in the manufacture of a variety of specialty glasses and ceramics. Two companies produced borates from brines extracted through solution-mining techniques. Boron minerals and chemicals were principally consumed in the north-central and eastern United States. In 2025, the glass and ceramics industries remained the leading domestic users of boron products. Boron also was used as a component in abrasives, cleaning products, insecticides, insulation, and in the production of semiconductors.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Elemental boron is a metalloid with limited commercial applications. Although the term “boron” is commonly referenced, it does not occur in nature in an elemental state. Boron combines with oxygen and other elements to form boric acid or inorganic salts called borates. Boron compounds, chiefly borates, are commercially important; therefore, boron products are priced and sold based on their boric oxide (BO) content, varying by ore and compound and by the absence or presence of calcium and sodium. Four borate minerals— colemanite, kernite, tincal, and ulexite—account for 90% of the borate minerals used by industry worldwide. Although borates were used in more than 300 applications, more than three-quarters of world consumption was used in ceramics, detergents, fertilizers, and glass. China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Netherlands, and Canada, in decreasing order of tonnage, were the countries that imported the largest quantities of refined borates from the United States in 2025. Domestic shipments of boric acid were sent to China, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and Japan, in decreasing order of tonnage. BORON U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Because China has low-grade boron reserves and demand for boron is anticipated to rise in that country, imports from the United States were expected to remain steady during the next several years. Interests and investments in boron derivatives continued abroad and domestically. In May 2025, a boron project in Piskanja, Serbia, owned by a Canada-based mine developer signed a letter of intent with a Serbian mining company to renovate the Pobrdje Mine, extend its mine life, and to repurpose regional mining equipment. The Pobrdje Mine’s deposit consisted primarily of colemanite and the mine was estimated to have a mine life of 21 years. A geologic exploration of the Jarandol Basin, Serbia, was also completed in May and confirmed boron mineralization. In June, the European Commission designated the Jadar project, developed by a London-based global mining company, as one of the 60 strategic projects for the Critical Raw Materials Act. The Jadar Project was endorsed for investment in the extraction of boron and lithium to help the European Union ensure that it maintains diverse, stable, and secure supply chains. The project is in western Serbia and was expected to produce 286,000 tons per year of boric acid at full production. In July 2025, one Australia-based mine developer delayed construction of its project in Nevada until March 2026 owing to an 80% decrease in lithium prices when compared with prices in 2022. It was initially expected to begin construction in 2025, and initial production was expected to begin in 2028. Once completed, the project was expected to have a 95-year mine life and produce about 170,000 tons of boric acid per year as a byproduct of lithium production. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Deposits of borates are associated with volcanic activity and arid climates, with the largest economically viable deposits in the Mojave Desert of the United States, the Alpide belt along the southern margin of Eurasia, and the Andean belt of South America. In order of abundance, U.S. deposits consist primarily of tincal, kernite, and borates contained in brines, and to a lesser extent, ulexite and colemanite. About 70% of all deposits in Turkey are colemanite, primarily used in the production of heat-resistant glass. At current levels of consumption, world resources are adequate for the foreseeable future.",
      "substitutes_summary": "The substitution of other materials for boron is possible in detergents, enamels, insulation, and soaps. Sodium percarbonate can replace borates in detergents and requires lower temperatures to undergo hydrolysis, which is an environmental consideration. Some enamels can use other glass-producing substances, such as phosphates. Insulation substitutes include cellulose, foams, and mineral wools. In soaps, sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids can act as cleaning and emulsifying agents.",
      "recycling_summary": "Insignificant.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined borax",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 232.0,
            "2022": 168.0,
            "2023": 156.0,
            "2024": 150.0,
            "2025e": 120.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "232",
            "2022": "168",
            "2023": "156",
            "2024": "150",
            "2025e": "120"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Boric acid",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 54.0,
            "2022": 48.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 43.0,
            "2025e": 45.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "54",
            "2022": "48",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "43",
            "2025e": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Colemanite (calcium borates)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 2.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 2.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "2",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "2"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ulexite (sodium borates)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 49.0,
            "2022": 38.0,
            "2023": 20.0,
            "2024": 28.0,
            "2025e": 38.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "49",
            "2022": "38",
            "2023": "20",
            "2024": "28",
            "2025e": "38"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Boric acid",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 280.0,
            "2022": 239.0,
            "2023": 253.0,
            "2024": 246.0,
            "2025e": 260.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "280",
            "2022": "239",
            "2023": "253",
            "2024": "246",
            "2025e": "260"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined borax",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 607.0,
            "2022": 651.0,
            "2023": 604.0,
            "2024": 655.0,
            "2025e": 600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "607",
            "2022": "651",
            "2023": "604",
            "2024": "655",
            "2025e": "600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average unit value of combined imports, cost, insurance, and freight, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of combined imports, cost, insurance, and freight, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 394.0,
            "2022": 485.0,
            "2023": 606.0,
            "2024": 574.0,
            "2025e": 540.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "394",
            "2022": "485",
            "2023": "606",
            "2024": "574",
            "2025e": "540"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1330.0,
            "2022": 1400.0,
            "2023": 1430.0,
            "2024": 1500.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1330",
            "2022": "1400",
            "2023": "1430",
            "2024": "1500",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average unit value of combined imports, cost, insurance, and freight, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of combined imports, cost, insurance, and freight, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 394.0,
            "2022": 485.0,
            "2023": 606.0,
            "2024": 574.0,
            "2025e": 540.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "394",
            "2022": "485",
            "2023": "606",
            "2024": "574",
            "2025e": "540"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 205.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 860.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 540.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "E",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "All forms",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 90.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Bolivia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Argentina, crude ore",
          "production_prev_year": 160.0,
          "production_latest_year": 170.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "160",
          "production_latest_raw": "170",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia, ulexite",
          "production_prev_year": 230.0,
          "production_latest_year": 380.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "230",
          "production_latest_raw": "380",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile, ulexite",
          "production_prev_year": 470.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "470",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China, boric oxide equivalent",
          "production_prev_year": 210.0,
          "production_latest_year": 230.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "210",
          "production_latest_raw": "230",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany, compounds",
          "production_prev_year": 45.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "45",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru, crude borates",
          "production_prev_year": 190.0,
          "production_latest_year": 220.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "190",
          "production_latest_raw": "220",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia, datolite ore",
          "production_prev_year": 90.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "90",
          "production_latest_raw": "80",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey, refined borates",
          "production_prev_year": 1800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1800",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "XX",
          "production_latest_raw": "XX",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 4",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. XX Not applicable.",
        "1": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "2": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "3": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "4": "World totals cannot be calculated because production and reserves are not reported in a consistent manner by all countries."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "cesium",
      "name": "Cesium",
      "symbol": "Cs",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cesium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "f5f3cf939c4a2a517f013aafd86bc6077918486b11e7b4945994623b7ed88417",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, cesium oxide, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, no cesium was mined domestically, and the United States was 100% net import reliant for cesium minerals. Pollucite, mainly found in association with lithium-rich, lepidolite-bearing or petalite- bearing zoned granite pegmatites, is the principal cesium ore mineral. Cesium is used in relatively small-scale applications, using only a few grams for most applications. Owing to the lack of global availability of cesium, many applications have used mineral substitutes and the use of primary cesium in any particular application may no longer be viable. On the basis of consumption by quantity in end-use products, cesium carbonate and hydroxide are the leading cesium products consumed globally, followed by cesium formate, cesium iodide, cesium nitrate, and cesium chloride. Cesium catalysts, such as cesium carbonate and cesium hydroxide, are used largely in industrial processes. Cesium catalysts have largely replaced potassium promoters in high-purity sulfuric acid manufacturing, which may enable lower plant stack emissions and lower ignition temperatures. Additionally, cesium catalysts are primarily used in methyl methacrylate manufacturing in place of conventional cyanide-based processes and are necessary to improve efficiency, lower operating costs, and reduce environmental impacts. Sulfuric acid catalysts and methyl methacrylate may be used in aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing applications. Cesium formate brines are used for high- pressure, high-temperature well drilling for oil and gas exploration and production. Cesium iodide is used primarily in X-ray panel production. Cesium bromide may be used in infrared detectors, optics, photoelectric cells, scintillation counters, and spectrophotometers. Cesium carbonate may be used in the alkylation of organic compounds and in energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells, magneto-hydrodynamic generators, and polymer solar cells. Cesium chloride may be used in analytical chemistry applications as a reagent, in high-temperature solders, as an intermediate in cesium metal production, in isopycnic centrifugation, as a radioisotope in nuclear medicine, as an insect repellent in agricultural applications, and in specialty glasses. Cesium hydroxide may be used as an electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries. Cesium iodide may be used in fluoroscopy equipment as the input phosphor of X-ray image intensifier tubes, and in scintillators. Cesium metal may be used in the production of cesium compounds and photoelectric cells. Cesium nitrate may be used as a colorant and oxidizer in the pyrotechnic industry, in petroleum cracking, in scintillation counters, and in X-ray phosphors. Cesium sulfates may be used in water treatment, fuel cells, and to improve optical quality for scientific instruments. Cesium isotopes, which are obtained as a byproduct in nuclear fission or formed from other isotopes, may be used in electronic, medical, metallurgical, and research applications. Cesium isotopes are used as an atomic resonance frequency standard in atomic clocks, playing a vital role in aircraft guidance systems, global positioning satellites, and internet and cellular telephone transmissions. Cesium-131 was used in medical products for treatment of various cancers. Cesium-137 may be used in industrial gauges, in mining and geophysical instruments, and for sterilization of food, sewage, and surgical equipment. Because of the danger posed by the radiological properties of cesium-137, Congress set a goal for the National Nuclear Security Administration to eliminate cesium-137 blood irradiators by 2027 in the United States. Alternatives, including X-ray irradiators, have been developed with similar capabilities and have been partially implemented.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Domestic cesium occurrences will likely remain subeconomic unless market conditions change. No known human health issues are associated with exposure to naturally occurring cesium, and its use has minimal environmental impacts. Manufactured radioactive isotopes of cesium have been known to cause adverse health effects. Certain cesium compounds may be toxic if consumed. Food that has been irradiated using the radioisotope cesium-137 has been found to be safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. During 2025, one company in Canada reported intermittent cesium production and processing from mined ore and stockpiles at the Tanco Mine. The recovery and processing of cesium from tailings at the Bikita Mine in Zimbabwe for shipment to China was restarted in recent years. Throughout 2025, multiple projects that could produce cesium as a byproduct of lepidolite, pollucite, spodumene, or zinnwaldite mining, focused primarily on lithium or rubidium extraction, were in the exploration and feasibility stages in Canada, Laos, Namibia, and the United States. One company that was developing a lepidolite (hard-rock) mine and processing facility in Namibia brought in an independent administrator owing to the lack of project financing at the end of 2024. Another company was in the process of securing financing to take ownership of the project as of September 2025. Based on historical information, the Namibia project contained a Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant measured and indicated mineral resource estimate totaling 3,100 tons of cesium. One company developed a recycling program for X-ray panels in 2020 that recovered cesium iodide during the production process for reproduction into new panels, which was believed to now be the industry standard.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Cesium is associated with lithium-bearing pegmatites worldwide, and cesium resources have been identified in Australia, Canada, Namibia, the United States, and Zimbabwe. In the United States, pollucite occurs in pegmatites in Alaska, Maine, and South Dakota. Lower concentrations occur in brines in Chile and China and in geothermal systems in China, Germany, and India. China was estimated to have cesium-rich deposits of geyserite, lepidolite, and pollucite, with concentrations highest in Yichun, Jiangxi Province, although no resource, reserve, or production estimates were available. Cesium-bearing clays have been identified in Laos and in situ extraction was being researched.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Cesium and rubidium can be used interchangeably in many applications because they have similar physical properties and atomic radii. Cesium, however, is more electropositive than rubidium, making it a preferred material for some applications. Rubidium is mined from similar deposits in smaller quantities as a byproduct of cesium production in pegmatites and as a byproduct of lithium production from lepidolite mining and processing, making it no more readily available than cesium.",
      "recycling_summary": "Cesium formate brines are typically rented by oil and gas exploration clients. After completion of the well, the used cesium formate brine is returned and reprocessed for subsequent drilling operations. Cesium formate brines are recycled, recovering nearly 85% of the brines for recycling to be reprocessed for further use. Cesium iodide is recycled from radiography panels and used in the production of new panels. CESIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": null,
      "world_production_year_latest": null,
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "1": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "chromium",
      "name": "Chromium",
      "symbol": "Cr",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-chromium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c19e412f65eddf60ab8b3b49ec415d7e0b817d08412733a0094a47af06fa4a04",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, chromium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, the United States consumed an estimated 4% of world chromite ore production in various forms of imported materials, such as chromite ore, chromium chemicals, ferrochromium, chromium metal, and stainless steel. Imported chromite ore was consumed by one company to produce chromium chemicals. Stainless-steel and heat-resisting-steel producers were the leading consumers of ferrochromium. Stainless steels and superalloys require the addition of chromium via chromium-containing scrap, chromium metal, or ferrochromium. The value of chromium material consumption was estimated to be $720 million in 2025 (as measured by the value of net imports, excluding stainless steel), which was a 15% decrease from $852 million in 2024.",
      "events_trends_summary": "South Africa was the leading chromite ore producer. Global chromite ore mine production was estimated to have increased by 3% in 2025 compared with production in 2024. Challenges related to shifting market demands, particularly in China, combined with deep-level mining and labor costs and an unreliable supply of electricity could affect production in South Africa. Investment, major expansions, and new mines may increase the production of chromite ore in Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Zimbabwe. China was the leading ferrochromium- and stainless-steel-producing country and the leading chromium-consuming country. However, the production of stainless steel in China has been affected by oversupply and decreases in consumer demand, which may have contributed to decreases in the price of ferrochromium. Potential export controls and tariffs on chromite ore from South Africa may also affect ferrochromium production in China.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources are greater than 12 billion tons of shipping-grade chromite, sufficient to meet conceivable demand for centuries. World chromium resources are heavily geographically concentrated (95%) in Kazakhstan and southern Africa; United States chromium resources are mostly in the Stillwater Complex in Montana.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Chromium has no substitute in stainless steel, the leading end use, or in superalloys, the major strategic end use. Chromium-containing scrap can substitute for ferrochromium in some metallurgical uses.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, recycled chromium (contained in reported stainless-steel scrap receipts) accounted for 21% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 147.0,
            "2022": 138.0,
            "2023": 126.0,
            "2024": 103.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "147",
            "2022": "138",
            "2023": "126",
            "2024": "103",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 571.0,
            "2022": 610.0,
            "2023": 451.0,
            "2024": 492.0,
            "2025e": 520.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "571",
            "2022": "610",
            "2023": "451",
            "2024": "492",
            "2025e": "520"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 114.0,
            "2022": 162.0,
            "2023": 178.0,
            "2024": 148.0,
            "2025e": 140.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "114",
            "2022": "162",
            "2023": "178",
            "2024": "148",
            "2025e": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 5.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7",
            "2022": "5",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption (includes recycling)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 389.0,
            "2022": 328.0,
            "2023": 365.0,
            "2024": 360.0,
            "2025e": 360.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "389",
            "2022": "328",
            "2023": "365",
            "2024": "360",
            "2025e": "360"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption (includes recycling)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 612.0,
            "2022": 591.0,
            "2023": 399.0,
            "2024": 442.0,
            "2025e": 480.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "612",
            "2022": "591",
            "2023": "399",
            "2024": "442",
            "2025e": "480"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Chromite ore (gross weight), dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 199.0,
            "2022": 277.0,
            "2023": 321.0,
            "2024": 331.0,
            "2025e": 290.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "199",
            "2022": "277",
            "2023": "321",
            "2024": "331",
            "2025e": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrochromium (chromium content), dollars per pound",
          "footnote": "6",
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.5,
            "2022": 3.19,
            "2023": 2.55,
            "2024": 1.76,
            "2025e": 1.6
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.50",
            "2022": "3.19",
            "2023": "2.55",
            "2024": "1.76",
            "2025e": "1.60"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Chromium metal (gross weight), dollars per pound",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4.23,
            "2022": 7.2,
            "2023": 5.05,
            "2024": 5.3,
            "2025e": 5.9
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4.23",
            "2022": "7.20",
            "2023": "5.05",
            "2024": "5.30",
            "2025e": "5.90"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, consumer, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, consumer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6.0,
            "2022": 5.0,
            "2023": 5.0,
            "2024": 5.0,
            "2025e": 5.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6",
            "2022": "5",
            "2023": "5",
            "2024": "5",
            "2025e": "5"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 76.0,
            "2022": 77.0,
            "2023": 68.0,
            "2024": 77.0,
            "2025e": 79.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "76",
            "2022": "77",
            "2023": "68",
            "2024": "77",
            "2025e": "79"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Chromite ore (gross weight), dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 199.0,
            "2022": 277.0,
            "2023": 321.0,
            "2024": 331.0,
            "2025e": 290.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "199",
            "2022": "277",
            "2023": "321",
            "2024": "331",
            "2025e": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ferrochromium (chromium content), dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.5,
            "2022": 3.19,
            "2023": 2.55,
            "2024": 1.76,
            "2025e": 1.6
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.50",
            "2022": "3.19",
            "2023": "2.55",
            "2024": "1.76",
            "2025e": "1.60"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Chromium metal (gross weight), dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4.23,
            "2022": 7.2,
            "2023": 5.05,
            "2024": 5.3,
            "2025e": 5.9
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4.23",
            "2022": "7.20",
            "2023": "5.05",
            "2024": "5.30",
            "2025e": "5.90"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 100.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 520.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 140.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 480.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 290.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 79.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Chromite (ores and concentrates)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 96.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 1.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Chromium-containing chemicals",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 19.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 29.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Chromium-containing scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 50.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Chromium metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 40.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Ferrochromium",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Finland",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Stainless steel",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Taiwan",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Finland",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "others",
              "share_pct": 55.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total imports",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Finland",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8500.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "8500",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 1400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3900.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1400",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "3900",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Finland",
          "production_prev_year": 1940.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 63000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1940",
          "production_latest_raw": "1900",
          "reserves_raw": "63000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 3370.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 79000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3370",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "79000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 6100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 230000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "6100",
          "production_latest_raw": "7000",
          "reserves_raw": "230000",
          "note": "footnote 14",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 22900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 23000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 350000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "22900",
          "production_latest_raw": "23000",
          "reserves_raw": "350000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 9300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 9000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 27000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "9300",
          "production_latest_raw": "9000",
          "reserves_raw": "27000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": 1600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 140000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1600",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "140000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 49600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 51000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "49600",
          "production_latest_raw": "51000",
          "reserves_raw": ">1,200,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Secondary production is based on reported receipts of all types of stainless-steel scrap.",
        "2": "Includes chromium chemicals, chromium metal, chromite ores, ferrochromium, ferrosilicon chromium, and stainless-steel products and scrap.",
        "3": "Defined as change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "4": "Defined for 2021–22 as production (from mines and secondary) + imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "5": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "6": "Excludes ferrosilicon chromium.",
        "7": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "8": "Chromium-containing scrap includes chromium metal scrap and stainless-steel scrap.",
        "9": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "10": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "11": "High-carbon and low-carbon ferrochromium, combined.",
        "12": "Mine production and ore reserves are reported in gross weight.",
        "13": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "14": "Reserves for Kazakhstan are likely based on the State Committee of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where A reserves are well established, B reserves have been explored, and C1+C2 reserves are less explored and have lower confidence levels. The reference for Kazakhstan’s reserves did not provide data for A reserves. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "cobalt",
      "name": "Cobalt",
      "symbol": "Co",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cobalt.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "cdfe86c808872800d8877b8af4a16d67822939a995b73960b419b2ceedb39fb3",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, cobalt content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week. Cobalt cathode is refined cobalt metal produced by an electrolytic process.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, the Eagle Mine, a nickel-copper mine in Michigan, produced cobalt-bearing nickel concentrate, which was exported to Canada or overseas for processing. Most U.S. cobalt supply consisted of imports and secondary (scrap) materials. About five companies in the United States produced cobalt chemicals. An estimated 51% of cobalt consumed in the United States was used in superalloys, mainly for aircraft gas turbine engines; 25% in a variety of chemical applications; 15% in various other metallic applications; and 9% in cemented carbides for cutting and wear-resistant applications. The total estimated value of cobalt consumed in 2025 was $320 million.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Congo (Kinshasa) was the world’s leading source of mined cobalt and accounted for an estimated 73% of world total, followed by Indonesia, which accounted for 14%. In February, Congo (Kinshasa) temporarily banned cobalt exports to address market oversupply and low prices. In October, the temporary ban was replaced with export quotas of 18,125 tons of contained cobalt for the remainder of 2025, and up to 96,600 tons contained cobalt per year in 2026 and 2027, inclusive of 9,600 tons for national strategic reserves. Uncertainty in supply availability following the announcement of the Congo (Kinshasa) export ban likely contributed to the sharp increase in estimated United States imports and industry stocks during the year. China remained the world leading producer of refined cobalt and the world leading consumer, primarily for the lithium-ion battery industry. In 2025, the United States published a solicitation to procure 7,480 tons of cobalt over a period of 5 years for the National Defense Stockpile. The solicitation was cancelled before the end of the year.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified cobalt resources of the United States are estimated to be about 1 million tons. Most of these resources are in Minnesota. Other notable occurrences are in Alaska, California, Idaho, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Identified world terrestrial cobalt resources are about 25 million tons, the vast majority of which are in sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits in Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia; nickel-bearing laterite deposits in Australia and nearby island countries and Cuba; and magmatic nickel-copper sulfide deposits of mafic and ultramafic rocks in Australia, Canada, Russia, and the United States. An estimated 5 billion tons of cobalt is contained globally in sea floor polymetallic nodules.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Depending on the application, substitution for cobalt could result in a loss in product performance or increased cost. The cobalt content of lithium-ion batteries, the leading global use for cobalt, was being decreased; cobalt-free substitutes that use iron and phosphorus held significant market share in China. Potential substitutes in other applications include barium or strontium ferrites, neodymium-iron-boron alloys, or nickel-iron alloys in magnets; cerium, iron, lead, manganese, or vanadium in paints; cobalt-iron-copper or iron-copper in diamond tools; copper- iron-manganese for curing unsaturated polyester resins; iron, iron-cobalt-nickel, nickel, ceramic-metallic composites (cermets), or ceramics in cutting and wear-resistant materials; nickel-base alloys or ceramics in jet engines; nickel in petroleum catalysts; rhodium in hydroformylation catalysts; and titanium-base alloys in prosthetics.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, cobalt content of purchased scrap represented 25% of estimated cobalt consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 650.0,
            "2022": 500.0,
            "2023": 500.0,
            "2024": 200.0,
            "2025e": 300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "650",
            "2022": "500",
            "2023": "500",
            "2024": "200",
            "2025e": "300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1800.0,
            "2022": 1920.0,
            "2023": 2030.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1800",
            "2022": "1920",
            "2023": "2030",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9790.0,
            "2022": 10500.0,
            "2023": 9500.0,
            "2024": 10800.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9790",
            "2022": "10500",
            "2023": "9500",
            "2024": "10800",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4930.0,
            "2022": 5360.0,
            "2023": 5110.0,
            "2024": 4880.0,
            "2025e": 4500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4930",
            "2022": "5360",
            "2023": "5110",
            "2024": "4880",
            "2025e": "4500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Estimated",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption (includes secondary)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7270.0,
            "2022": 7570.0,
            "2023": 7840.0,
            "2024": 7830.0,
            "2025e": 8000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7270",
            "2022": "7570",
            "2023": "7840",
            "2024": "7830",
            "2025e": "8000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption (includes secondary)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6650.0,
            "2022": 7150.0,
            "2023": 6440.0,
            "2024": 7960.0,
            "2025e": 9600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6650",
            "2022": "7150",
            "2023": "6440",
            "2024": "7960",
            "2025e": "9600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "U.S. spot, cathode",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 24.21,
            "2022": 30.78,
            "2023": 17.2,
            "2024": 16.77,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "24.21",
            "2022": "30.78",
            "2023": "17.20",
            "2024": "16.77",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 23.17,
            "2022": 28.83,
            "2023": 15.48,
            "2024": 11.84,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "23.17",
            "2022": "28.83",
            "2023": "15.48",
            "2024": "11.84",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Industry",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1010.0,
            "2022": 946.0,
            "2023": 925.0,
            "2024": 956.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1010",
            "2022": "946",
            "2023": "925",
            "2024": "956",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "LME, U.S. warehouse",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 34.0,
            "2023": 34.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 34.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "50",
            "2022": "34",
            "2023": "34",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "34"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 73.0,
            "2022": 73.0,
            "2023": 69.0,
            "2024": 74.0,
            "2025e": 79.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "73",
            "2022": "73",
            "2023": "69",
            "2024": "74",
            "2025e": "79"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "U.S. spot, cathode",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 24.21,
            "2022": 30.78,
            "2023": 17.2,
            "2024": 16.77,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "24.21",
            "2022": "30.78",
            "2023": "17.20",
            "2024": "16.77",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 23.17,
            "2022": 28.83,
            "2023": 15.48,
            "2024": 11.84,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "23.17",
            "2022": "28.83",
            "2023": "15.48",
            "2024": "11.84",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 300.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 2000.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 14000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 4500.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 9600.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 21.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 79.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 60.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Metal, oxide, and salts",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Finland",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 70000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "200",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": "70000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 4780.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1700000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4780",
          "production_latest_raw": "3700",
          "reserves_raw": "1700000",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 3350.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 220000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3350",
          "production_latest_raw": "3500",
          "reserves_raw": "220000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 2000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 160000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2000",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "160000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 226000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 230000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "226000",
          "production_latest_raw": "230000",
          "reserves_raw": "6000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Cuba",
          "production_prev_year": 3450.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3450",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 35000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 44000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 760000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "35000",
          "production_latest_raw": "44000",
          "reserves_raw": "760000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 3100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3100",
          "production_latest_raw": "3900",
          "reserves_raw": "100000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Papua New Guinea",
          "production_prev_year": 2630.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 84000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2630",
          "production_latest_raw": "2800",
          "reserves_raw": "84000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "production_prev_year": 3100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 260000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3100",
          "production_latest_raw": "3700",
          "reserves_raw": "260000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 8000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "8000",
          "production_latest_raw": "7700",
          "reserves_raw": "800000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 2200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 91000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2200",
          "production_latest_raw": "1900",
          "reserves_raw": "91000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 7780.0,
          "production_latest_year": 9100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 780000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "7780",
          "production_latest_raw": "9100",
          "reserves_raw": "780000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 302000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 310000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 12000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "302000",
          "production_latest_raw": "310000",
          "reserves_raw": "12000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from consumption of purchased scrap.",
        "2": "Includes reported data and U.S. Geological Survey estimates.",
        "3": "Defined for 2021–22 as secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes for refined cobalt. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "4": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week. Cobalt cathode is refined cobalt metal produced by an electrolytic process.",
        "5": "Stocks held by consumers and processors; excludes stocks held by trading companies and held for investment purposes.",
        "6": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes for refined cobalt. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "7": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "8": "Samarium-cobalt alloy; excludes potential disposals of aerospace alloys.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 680,000 tons.",
        "11": "Data from the Russia Ministry of Natural Resources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "copper",
      "name": "Copper",
      "symbol": "Cu",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-copper.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c4971f7edfa38feefc51952c5f24889c46f468d936c6620d388233313ae8ae85",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, copper content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, the recoverable copper content of U.S. mine production was an estimated 1.0 million tons, a decrease of 5% from that in 2024, and was valued at an estimated $11 billion, 10% greater than $10.0 billion in 2024. Arizona was the leading copper-producing State and accounted for approximately 70% of domestic output; copper was also mined in Alaska, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Copper was recovered or processed at 26 mines (17 of which accounted for more than 99% of mine production), 2 primary smelters, 2 secondary smelters, 2 primary electrolytic refineries, 14 electrowon refineries, and 4 secondary refineries. Refined copper and scrap were consumed at about 30 brass mills, 14 rod mills, and several hundred foundries and miscellaneous manufacturers. According to the Copper Development Association, copper and copper alloy products were used in building construction, 42%; electrical and electronic products, 23%; transportation equipment, 18%; consumer and general products, 10%; and industrial machinery and equipment, 7%.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of copper was affected by concentrator shutdowns and lower ore grades at multiple mines in the United States. Domestic output of refined copper decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to planned maintenance of both primary smelters. As of September, copper production started in 2025 at a new mine in Arizona, at a new secondary smelter in Georgia, and at a new secondary refinery in Kentucky. By yearend, one additional mine in Arizona was expected to begin commercial operations. The COMEX copper price was projected to average a record high of $4.80 per pound in 2025, 14% greater than $4.22 per pound in 2024. Analysts attributed the increase primarily to uncertainty regarding the implementation of tariffs on U.S. imports of copper materials. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "The most recent USGS assessment of global copper resources indicated that, as of 2015, identified resources contained 1.5 billion tons of unextracted copper (2.1 billion tons when past production of 600 million tons is included) and undiscovered resources contained an estimated 3.5 billion tons of copper.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Aluminum substitutes for copper in automobile radiators, cooling and refrigeration tube, electrical equipment, and power cable. Optical fiber substitutes for copper in telecommunications applications, and plastics substitute for copper in drain pipe, plumbing fixtures, and water pipe. Titanium and steel are used in heat exchangers.",
      "recycling_summary": "Old (post-consumer) scrap, converted to refined metal, alloys, and other forms, provided an estimated 160,000 tons of copper in 2025, and an estimated 760,000 tons of copper was recovered from new (manufacturing) scrap derived from fabricating operations. Brass and wire-rod mills accounted for approximately 80% of the total copper recovered from scrap. Copper recovered from scrap contributed about 30% of the U.S. copper supply.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine, recoverable",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1230.0,
            "2022": 1230.0,
            "2023": 1130.0,
            "2024": 1050.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1230",
            "2022": "1230",
            "2023": "1130",
            "2024": "1050",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary (from ore)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Refinery",
          "values": {
            "2021": 931.0,
            "2022": 917.0,
            "2023": 843.0,
            "2024": 882.0,
            "2025e": 790.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "931",
            "2022": "917",
            "2023": "843",
            "2024": "882",
            "2025e": "790"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (from scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Refinery",
          "values": {
            "2021": 49.0,
            "2022": 40.0,
            "2023": 39.0,
            "2024": 39.0,
            "2025e": 60.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "49",
            "2022": "40",
            "2023": "39",
            "2024": "39",
            "2025e": "60"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Copper recovered from old (post-consumer) scrap",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Refinery",
          "values": {
            "2021": 169.0,
            "2022": 152.0,
            "2023": 137.0,
            "2024": 140.0,
            "2025e": 160.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "169",
            "2022": "152",
            "2023": "137",
            "2024": "140",
            "2025e": "160"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "() Refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": "()",
          "values": {
            "2021": 919.0,
            "2022": 732.0,
            "2023": 771.0,
            "2024": 903.0,
            "2025e": 1700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "919",
            "2022": "732",
            "2023": "771",
            "2024": "903",
            "2025e": "1700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ore and concentrate",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 344.0,
            "2022": 351.0,
            "2023": 339.0,
            "2024": 326.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "344",
            "2022": "351",
            "2023": "339",
            "2024": "326",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 48.0,
            "2022": 27.0,
            "2023": 29.0,
            "2024": 72.0,
            "2025e": 110.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "48",
            "2022": "27",
            "2023": "29",
            "2024": "72",
            "2025e": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, refined copper",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1750.0,
            "2022": 1720.0,
            "2023": 1580.0,
            "2024": 1580.0,
            "2025e": 1700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1750",
            "2022": "1720",
            "2023": "1580",
            "2024": "1580",
            "2025e": "1700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent, primary refined copper and copper from old scrap",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1970.0,
            "2022": 1810.0,
            "2023": 1680.0,
            "2024": 1860.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1970",
            "2022": "1810",
            "2023": "1680",
            "2024": "1860",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "U.S. producer, cathode (COMEX + premium)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 432.3,
            "2022": 410.8,
            "2023": 395.3,
            "2024": 431.8,
            "2025e": 490.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "432.3",
            "2022": "410.8",
            "2023": "395.3",
            "2024": "431.8",
            "2025e": "490"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "COMEX, high-grade, first position",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 424.3,
            "2022": 400.7,
            "2023": 385.7,
            "2024": 421.6,
            "2025e": 480.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "424.3",
            "2022": "400.7",
            "2023": "385.7",
            "2024": "421.6",
            "2025e": "480"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "London Metal Exchange, grade A, cash",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 422.5,
            "2022": 399.8,
            "2023": 384.8,
            "2024": 414.7,
            "2025e": 440.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "422.5",
            "2022": "399.8",
            "2023": "384.8",
            "2024": "414.7",
            "2025e": "440"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, refined, held by U.S. producers, consumers, and metal exchanges, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, refined, held by U.S. producers, consumers, and metal exchanges, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 117.0,
            "2022": 84.0,
            "2023": 128.0,
            "2024": 123.0,
            "2025e": 450.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "117",
            "2022": "84",
            "2023": "128",
            "2024": "123",
            "2025e": "450"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and plant, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and plant, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11400.0,
            "2022": 12000.0,
            "2023": 12600.0,
            "2024": 13000.0,
            "2025e": 13000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11400",
            "2022": "12000",
            "2023": "12600",
            "2024": "13000",
            "2025e": "13000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 44.0,
            "2022": 41.0,
            "2023": 42.0,
            "2024": 45.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "44",
            "2022": "41",
            "2023": "42",
            "2024": "45",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "U.S. producer, cathode (COMEX + premium)",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 432.3,
            "2022": 410.8,
            "2023": 395.3,
            "2024": 431.8,
            "2025e": 490.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "432.3",
            "2022": "410.8",
            "2023": "395.3",
            "2024": "431.8",
            "2025e": "490"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "COMEX, high-grade, first position",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 424.3,
            "2022": 400.7,
            "2023": 385.7,
            "2024": 421.6,
            "2025e": 480.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "424.3",
            "2022": "400.7",
            "2023": "385.7",
            "2024": "421.6",
            "2025e": "480"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "London Metal Exchange, grade A, cash",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 422.5,
            "2022": 399.8,
            "2023": 384.8,
            "2024": 414.7,
            "2025e": 440.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "422.5",
            "2022": "399.8",
            "2023": "384.8",
            "2024": "414.7",
            "2025e": "440"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 1000.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 790.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 60.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 1700.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 450.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 2200.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 490.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 57.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Copper content of blister and anodes",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Finland",
              "share_pct": 88.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Copper content of matte, ash, and precipitate",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 52.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Spain",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Copper content of ore and concentrate",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 99.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 1.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Copper content of scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 43.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Refined copper",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 68.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine and Refinery Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 921.0,
          "production_latest_year": 850.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 47000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "921",
          "production_latest_raw": "850",
          "reserves_raw": "47000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 434.0,
          "production_latest_year": 460.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "434",
          "production_latest_raw": "460",
          "reserves_raw": "100000",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 324.0,
          "production_latest_year": 320.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "324",
          "production_latest_raw": "320",
          "reserves_raw": "7000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 1940.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 180000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1940",
          "production_latest_raw": "1700",
          "reserves_raw": "180000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 12400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 14000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 41000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "12400",
          "production_latest_raw": "14000",
          "reserves_raw": "41000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 2560.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 80000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2560",
          "production_latest_raw": "2800",
          "reserves_raw": "80000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 597.0,
          "production_latest_year": 610.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "597",
          "production_latest_raw": "610",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 545.0,
          "production_latest_year": 620.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2200.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "545",
          "production_latest_raw": "620",
          "reserves_raw": "2200",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 349.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "349",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": "21000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 1570.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1570",
          "production_latest_raw": "1400",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 498.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 20000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "498",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "20000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 604.0,
          "production_latest_year": 610.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "604",
          "production_latest_raw": "610",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 489.0,
          "production_latest_year": 480.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 53000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "489",
          "production_latest_raw": "480",
          "reserves_raw": "53000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 385.0,
          "production_latest_year": 340.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 85000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "385",
          "production_latest_raw": "340",
          "reserves_raw": "85000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Poland",
          "production_prev_year": 589.0,
          "production_latest_year": 560.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 33000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "589",
          "production_latest_raw": "560",
          "reserves_raw": "33000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 896.0,
          "production_latest_year": 950.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 80000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "896",
          "production_latest_raw": "950",
          "reserves_raw": "80000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zambia",
          "production_prev_year": 189.0,
          "production_latest_year": 270.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "189",
          "production_latest_raw": "270",
          "reserves_raw": "21000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 2310.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 210000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2310",
          "production_latest_raw": "2100",
          "reserves_raw": "210000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 27600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 29000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 980000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "27600",
          "production_latest_raw": "29000",
          "reserves_raw": "980000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. — Zero.",
        "1": "Copper converted to refined metal, alloys, and other forms by brass and wire-rod mills, foundries, refineries, and other manufacturers.",
        "2": "Less than ½ unit.",
        "3": "Primary refined production + copper recovered from old scrap + refined imports – refined exports ± adjustments for refined copper stock changes.",
        "4": "Defined as refined imports – refined exports ± adjustments for refined copper stock changes.",
        "5": "Primary refined production + copper from old and new scrap + refined imports – refined exports ± adjustments for refined copper stock changes.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "7": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 27 million tons.",
        "8": "Source: Hammarstrom, J.M., Zientek, M.L., Parks, H.L., Dicken, C.L., and the U.S. Geological Survey Global Copper Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 2019, Assessment of undiscovered copper resources of the world, 2015 (ver. 1.2, December 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018–5160, 619 p. (Accessed November 24, 2025, at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185160.)"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "diamond",
      "name": "Diamond (industrial)",
      "symbol": "C",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-diamond.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b80adb50e11d2d5f80479dbb14e471955c2cd4866aefb863e277dec84683081e",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in million carats unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, total domestic primary production of manufactured industrial diamond bort, grit, and dust and powder was estimated to be 160 million carats with a value of $52 million, compared with 159 million carats with a value of $52 million in 2024. No industrial diamond stone was produced domestically. One company with facilities in Florida and Ohio and a second company in Pennsylvania accounted for all domestic primary production. At least four companies produced polycrystalline diamond from diamond powder. At least two companies recovered used industrial diamond material from used diamond drill bits, diamond tools, and other diamond- containing wastes for recycling. The major consuming sectors of industrial diamond are computer chip production; construction; drilling for minerals, natural gas, and oil; machinery manufacturing; stone cutting and polishing; and transportation (infrastructure and vehicles). Highway building, milling, and repair and stone cutting consumed most of the industrial diamond stone. About 97% of U.S. industrial diamond apparent consumption was synthetic industrial diamond because its quality can be controlled, and its properties can be customized.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Most natural industrial diamond is produced as a byproduct of mining gem-quality diamond. Global natural industrial diamond production was essentially the same in 2025 as in 2024. Russia, the leading country in the production of natural industrial diamond, produced 16 million carats or 42% of total world production, followed by Congo (Kinshasa), 7 million carats (18%); Botswana, 5 million carats (14%); Zimbabwe, 5 million carats (13%); and South Africa, 3 million carats (8%). These five countries produced 95% of the world’s natural industrial diamond. In recent years, mines have closed, and output has been lower as mines approach the ends of their lives. The world’s largest diamond mines have matured and are past their peak production levels, and several of the largest diamond mines are expected to close in the near future. As these mines are depleted, global production is expected to continue declining in quantity. In 2025, U.S. synthetic-industrial-diamond producers did not manufacture any diamond stone. The combined apparent consumption of all types of industrial diamond decreased by about 20% in quantity and by 17% in value from that in 2024. During 2025, imports of all types of natural and synthetic industrial diamond imports decreased by 30% from that in 2024. In 2025, China was the leading producing country of synthetic industrial diamond, followed by the United States and Russia, in descending order of quantity. These three countries produced about 99% of the world’s synthetic industrial diamond. Synthetic diamond accounted for more than 99% of global industrial diamond production and consumption. Worldwide production of manufactured industrial diamond totaled more than 15 billion carats. The United States is likely to continue to be one of the world’s leading markets for industrial diamond into the next decade and is expected to remain a significant producer of synthetic industrial diamond as well. U.S. demand for industrial diamond is likely to be strong in the construction sector as the United States continues building, milling, and repairing the Nation’s highway system. Industrial diamond is impregnated in or coats the cutting edge of saws used to cut concrete in highway construction and repair work.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Natural diamond deposits have been discovered in more than 35 countries. Natural diamond accounts for less than 1% of all industrial diamond used; synthetic diamond accounts for the remainder. At least 15 countries have the technology to produce synthetic diamond.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Materials that can compete with industrial diamond in some applications include manufactured abrasives such as cubic boron nitride, fused aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide. Globally, synthetic diamond, rather than natural diamond, is used for more than 99% of industrial applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, the amount of diamond bort, grit, and dust and powder recycled was estimated to be 15 million carats with an estimated value of $540,000. An estimated 75,000 carats of diamond stone was recycled with an estimated value of $110,000.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Manufactured diamond",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 132.0,
            "2022": 150.0,
            "2023": 152.0,
            "2024": 159.0,
            "2025e": 160.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "132",
            "2022": "150",
            "2023": "152",
            "2024": "159",
            "2025e": "160"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.2,
            "2022": 14.4,
            "2023": 14.0,
            "2024": 14.9,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.20",
            "2022": "14.4",
            "2023": "14.0",
            "2024": "14.9",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 261.0,
            "2022": 303.0,
            "2023": 264.0,
            "2024": 238.0,
            "2025e": 170.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "261",
            "2022": "303",
            "2023": "264",
            "2024": "238",
            "2025e": "170"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 99.1,
            "2022": 94.0,
            "2023": 74.0,
            "2024": 73.3,
            "2025e": 72.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "99.1",
            "2022": "94.0",
            "2023": "74.0",
            "2024": "73.3",
            "2025e": "72"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 294.0,
            "2022": 374.0,
            "2023": 356.0,
            "2024": 334.0,
            "2025e": 270.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "294",
            "2022": "374",
            "2023": "356",
            "2024": "334",
            "2025e": "270"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.18,
            "2022": 0.19,
            "2023": 0.16,
            "2024": 0.19,
            "2025e": 0.21
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.18",
            "2022": "0.19",
            "2023": "0.16",
            "2024": "0.19",
            "2025e": "0.21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 55.0,
            "2022": 56.0,
            "2023": 53.0,
            "2024": 49.0,
            "2025e": 35.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "55",
            "2022": "56",
            "2023": "53",
            "2024": "49",
            "2025e": "35"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manufactured diamond",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.08,
            "2022": 0.08,
            "2023": 0.08,
            "2024": 0.08,
            "2025e": 0.08
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.08",
            "2022": "0.08",
            "2023": "0.08",
            "2024": "0.08",
            "2025e": "0.08"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.33,
            "2022": 0.79,
            "2023": 0.38,
            "2024": 0.39,
            "2025e": 0.35
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.33",
            "2022": "0.79",
            "2023": "0.38",
            "2024": "0.39",
            "2025e": "0.35"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "() Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": "()",
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.41,
            "2022": 0.86,
            "2023": 0.45,
            "2024": 0.46,
            "2025e": 0.43
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.41",
            "2022": "0.86",
            "2023": "0.45",
            "2024": "0.46",
            "2025e": "0.43"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13.0,
            "2022": 8.4,
            "2023": 14.2,
            "2024": 11.3,
            "2025e": 6.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13.00",
            "2022": "8.40",
            "2023": "14.20",
            "2024": "11.30",
            "2025e": "6.70"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 80.0,
            "2022": 91.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 84.0,
            "2025e": 81.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "80",
            "2022": "91",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "84",
            "2025e": "81"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "unit_note": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.18,
            "2022": 0.19,
            "2023": 0.16,
            "2024": 0.19,
            "2025e": 0.21
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.18",
            "2022": "0.19",
            "2023": "0.16",
            "2024": "0.19",
            "2025e": "0.21"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "unit_note": "Price, unit value of imports, dollars per carat",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13.0,
            "2022": 8.4,
            "2023": 14.2,
            "2024": 11.3,
            "2025e": 6.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13.00",
            "2022": "8.40",
            "2023": "14.20",
            "2024": "11.30",
            "2025e": "6.70"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 15.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 170.35,
      "exports_total_latest": 72.43,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 270.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 0.21,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 35.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Bort, grit, and dust and powder; natural and synthetic",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 77.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Ireland",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Stones, primarily natural",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 49.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Botswana",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Natural Industrial Diamond Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Angola",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": "150",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Botswana",
          "production_prev_year": 5.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 250.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5",
          "production_latest_raw": "5",
          "reserves_raw": "250",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 7.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "7",
          "production_latest_raw": "7",
          "reserves_raw": "150",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 16.0,
          "production_latest_year": 16.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 750.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "16",
          "production_latest_raw": "16",
          "reserves_raw": "750",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 3.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 87.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3",
          "production_latest_raw": "3",
          "reserves_raw": "87",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": 5.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 56.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5",
          "production_latest_raw": "5",
          "reserves_raw": "56",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 250.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": "250",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 38.0,
          "production_latest_year": 38.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1700.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "38",
          "production_latest_raw": "38",
          "reserves_raw": "1700",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "See the Gemstones chapter for information on gem-quality diamond.",
        "2": "Defined as manufactured diamond production + secondary diamond production + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "4": "Less than 500 carats.",
        "5": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "fluorspar",
      "name": "Fluorspar",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-fluorspar.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "7cb5aa4a162fadf72f77aa60ec9f2adb38e83e548d797ad6393e9c015c6822eb",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, cost, insurance, and freight,",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Significant U.S. fluorspar (calcium fluoride, CaF) mine production has not been reported since 1995. In 2025, one company likely processed and sold fluorspar from stockpiles produced as a byproduct of its limestone quarrying operation in Cave-In-Rock, IL; however, production data were not available. A second company continued construction of a fluorspar mine and lumps-processing plant in Utah, with completion anticipated by yearend. Excluding sales from stockpiled fluorspar, the United States was 100% net import reliant for fluorspar. U.S. fluorspar consumption was satisfied mostly by imports. Domestically, CaF was used in the production of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) in Louisiana and Texas and was by far the leading use for acid-grade fluorspar. Aqueous HF is the primary feedstock for the manufacture of virtually all fluorine-bearing chemicals, particularly refrigerants and fluoropolymers, and chemicals used in the processing of primary aluminum and uranium. HF was also used as a catalyst in the petrochemical industry and essential in the cleaning and etching process during semiconductor manufacturing. Other uses of fluorspar were in cement production, in enamels, as a flux in steelmaking, in glass manufacture, in iron and steel casting, and in welding rod coatings. The U.S. Department of Energy continued to produce aqueous HF as a byproduct of the conversion of depleted uranium hexafluoride to depleted uranium oxide at plants in Paducah, KY, and Portsmouth, OH; the aqueous HF was sold into the commercial market. One company in Aurora, NC, produced HF from fluorosilicic acid (FSA). In 2025, an estimated 45,000 tons of FSA, equivalent to about 73,000 tons of fluorspar grading 100% CaF, was recovered from three phosphoric acid plants that processed phosphate rock.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Global mine production of fluorspar was estimated to have decreased by 1% to 10 million tons in 2025. The supply of fluorspar in China continued to be constrained by rectification measures on fluorspar mining, with some mines suspending production for safety inspections. As such, China’s imports of fluorspar in the first half of 2025 increased by 48% to 856,000 tons compared with those in the same period in 2024, with 86% of imports sourced from Mongolia. In Canada, a fluorspar mine that was previously idled in 2022, restarted production and made its first shipment of acid-grade fluorspar at the end of August. The company anticipated ramping up production to 200,000 tons per year. In China, a fluorspar mine in Xinjiang began operations in September, with a projected annual production of 300,000 tons of acid-grade fluorspar. Several other fluorspar mines were in development or in the process of reopening in Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Mongolia, Mozambique, and the United States.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Large quantities of fluorine are present in phosphate rock. Current U.S. reserves of phosphate rock are estimated to be 1 billion tons, containing about 72 million tons of 100% fluorspar equivalent assuming an average fluorine content of 3.5% in the phosphate rock. World reserves of phosphate rock are estimated to be 74 billion tons, containing about 5 billion tons of 100% fluorspar equivalent.",
      "substitutes_summary": "FSA has been used as an alternative to fluorspar in the production of AlF and HF. Aluminum smelting dross, borax, calcium chloride, iron oxides, manganese ore, silica sand, and titanium dioxide have been used as substitutes for fluorspar fluxes.",
      "recycling_summary": "Synthetic fluorspar may be produced from neutralization of waste in the enrichment of uranium, petroleum alkylation, and stainless-steel pickling; however, undesirable impurities constrain its use. Primary aluminum producers recycle HF and fluorides from smelting operations.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Finished, metallurgical grade",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fluorosilicic acid from phosphate rock",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 40.0,
            "2022": 43.0,
            "2023": 43.0,
            "2024": 45.0,
            "2025e": 45.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "40",
            "2022": "43",
            "2023": "43",
            "2024": "45",
            "2025e": "45"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Acid grade",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 391.0,
            "2022": 448.0,
            "2023": 378.0,
            "2024": 372.0,
            "2025e": 360.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "391",
            "2022": "448",
            "2023": "378",
            "2024": "372",
            "2025e": "360"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallurgical grade",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 59.0,
            "2022": 84.0,
            "2023": 34.0,
            "2024": 31.0,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "59",
            "2022": "84",
            "2023": "34",
            "2024": "31",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total fluorspar imports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 451.0,
            "2022": 532.0,
            "2023": 412.0,
            "2024": 403.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "451",
            "2022": "532",
            "2023": "412",
            "2024": "403",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hydrofluoric acid",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 103.0,
            "2022": 99.0,
            "2023": 87.0,
            "2024": 69.0,
            "2025e": 76.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "103",
            "2022": "99",
            "2023": "87",
            "2024": "69",
            "2025e": "76"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Aluminum fluoride",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 28.0,
            "2022": 21.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 22.0,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "28",
            "2022": "21",
            "2023": "25",
            "2024": "22",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Cryolite",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 42.0,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 32.0,
            "2024": 22.0,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "42",
            "2022": "28",
            "2023": "32",
            "2024": "22",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports, fluorspar, all grades",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports, fluorspar, all grades",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 15.0,
            "2022": 24.0,
            "2023": 20.0,
            "2024": 14.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "15",
            "2022": "24",
            "2023": "20",
            "2024": "14",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 436.0,
            "2022": 508.0,
            "2023": 392.0,
            "2024": 390.0,
            "2025e": 370.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "436",
            "2022": "508",
            "2023": "392",
            "2024": "390",
            "2025e": "370"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Acid grade",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, cost, insurance, and freight,",
          "subsection": "dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 322.0,
            "2022": 387.0,
            "2023": 428.0,
            "2024": 464.0,
            "2025e": 470.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "322",
            "2022": "387",
            "2023": "428",
            "2024": "464",
            "2025e": "470"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallurgical grade",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, cost, insurance, and freight,",
          "subsection": "dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 151.0,
            "2022": 206.0,
            "2023": 338.0,
            "2024": 336.0,
            "2025e": 400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "151",
            "2022": "206",
            "2023": "338",
            "2024": "336",
            "2025e": "400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 17.0,
            "2022": 15.0,
            "2023": 16.0,
            "2024": 15.0,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "17",
            "2022": "15",
            "2023": "16",
            "2024": "15",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Acid grade",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, cost, insurance, and freight,",
          "values": {
            "2021": 322.0,
            "2022": 387.0,
            "2023": 428.0,
            "2024": 464.0,
            "2025e": 470.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "322",
            "2022": "387",
            "2023": "428",
            "2024": "464",
            "2025e": "470"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Metallurgical grade",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, cost, insurance, and freight,",
          "values": {
            "2021": 151.0,
            "2022": 206.0,
            "2023": 338.0,
            "2024": 336.0,
            "2025e": 400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "151",
            "2022": "206",
            "2023": "338",
            "2024": "336",
            "2025e": "400"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 877.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 7.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 370.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 470.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_pct": 64.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "share_pct": 12.0
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 10.0
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "share_pct": 9.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 5.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 64.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Vietnam",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "NA",
          "production_latest_raw": "NA",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 85.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2500.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "85",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": "2500",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 6000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 110000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "6000",
          "production_latest_raw": "6000",
          "reserves_raw": "110000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 35.0,
          "production_latest_year": 35.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "35",
          "production_latest_raw": "35",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 53.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "53",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": "7600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 1510.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 68000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1510",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "68000",
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mongolia",
          "production_prev_year": 1430.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 34000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1430",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "34000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Pakistan",
          "production_prev_year": 60.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "60",
          "production_latest_raw": "50",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 447.0,
          "production_latest_year": 410.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 41000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "447",
          "production_latest_raw": "410",
          "reserves_raw": "41000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Spain",
          "production_prev_year": 138.0,
          "production_latest_year": 140.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 15000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "138",
          "production_latest_raw": "140",
          "reserves_raw": "15000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tajikistan",
          "production_prev_year": 15.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "15",
          "production_latest_raw": "15",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Thailand",
          "production_prev_year": 75.0,
          "production_latest_year": 55.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "75",
          "production_latest_raw": "55",
          "reserves_raw": "3600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 146.0,
          "production_latest_year": 160.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 16000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "146",
          "production_latest_raw": "160",
          "reserves_raw": "16000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 316.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 32000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "316",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "32000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 10300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 10000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 330000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "10300",
          "production_latest_raw": "10000",
          "reserves_raw": "330000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available.",
        "1": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 2529.21.0000 and 2529.22.0000.",
        "2": "Defined as total fluorspar imports – exports.",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 2529.21.0000 and 2529.22.0000.",
        "4": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "5": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "6": "Reported.",
        "7": "Measured as 100% CaF."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "gallium",
      "name": "Gallium",
      "symbol": "Ga",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "15df2a3ef3ed992b8bb9e1785809a83219864286626b289c207ca5fda84ca27c",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in kilograms, gallium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "No domestic primary (low-purity, unrefined) gallium has been recovered since 1987. Globally, primary gallium is recovered predominantly as a byproduct of processing bauxite ores. Gallium may also be recovered as a byproduct of processing zinc ores. One company in New York recovered and refined high-purity gallium from imported primary low-purity gallium metal and new scrap. In 2025, the value of imports of gallium metal was an estimated $15 million, and the value of gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer imports was an estimated $120 million. GaAs was used to manufacture compound semiconductor wafers used in integrated circuits (ICs) and optoelectronic devices, which include laser diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and solar cells. Gallium nitride (GaN) was used to manufacture ICs and optoelectronic devices; ICs accounted for 73% of domestic gallium consumption, and optoelectronic devices accounted for 26%. Optoelectronic devices were used in aerospace applications, consumer goods, industrial equipment, medical equipment, and telecommunications equipment. Uses of ICs included defense applications, high-performance computers, and telecommunications equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Imports of gallium metal, GaAs wafers, and domestic production of GaAs and GaN wafers continued to account for all U.S. consumption of gallium. In 2025, imports of gallium metal were estimated to be more than double those in 2024, and the average unit value of imported gallium metal was estimated to be $580 per kilogram, about 30% more than that in 2024. Imports of gallium arsenide wafers were estimated to be 24% less than those in 2024. In November 2025, China lifted its ban on gallium exports to the United States for 1 year. This followed the Government of China’s gallium export controls implemented in August 2023 and China’s ban of all gallium exports to the United States in December 2024. China accounted for 99% of worldwide primary low-purity gallium production. The remaining primary low-purity gallium producers outside of China included Japan and Russia. Germany, Hungary, and Kazakhstan ceased primary production in 2016, 2015, and 2013, respectively. Ukraine most likely ceased primary production in 2022. Several new gallium production projects were announced including those in Australia, Canada, Greece, Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Korea. GALLIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 In September, the U.S. Department of Energy announced as much as $6 million in funding for domestic research and development projects to help establish a domestic supply chain for gallium. This initiative was expected to be used to support technologies to recover gallium from alumina refining or primary zinc smelting with the goal of restarting domestic primary gallium recovery for the first time in almost 40 years. In November, the U.S. Department of War, under the Defense Production Act, Title III, granted a $29.9 million award to a U.S. company to develop a demonstration facility in Louisiana that will recover gallium and scandium from industrial waste. Initial development work was expected to take place at a facility in Texas.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Gallium occurs in very small concentrations in ores of other metals. Most gallium is produced as a byproduct of processing bauxite, and the remainder is produced from zinc-processing residues. The average gallium content of bauxite is 50 parts per million. U.S. bauxite deposits consist mainly of subeconomic resources that are not generally suitable for alumina production owing to their high silica content. Some domestic zinc ores contain up to 50 parts per million gallium and could be a significant resource, although no gallium is currently recovered from domestic ores. Gallium contained in world resources of bauxite is estimated to exceed 1 million tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Liquid crystals made from organic compounds are used in visual displays as substitutes for LEDs. Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor power amplifiers compete with GaAs power amplifiers in midtier third-generation (3G) cellular handsets. Indium phosphide components can be substituted for GaAs-based infrared laser diodes in some specific-wavelength applications, and helium-neon lasers compete with GaAs in visible laser diode applications. Silicon is the principal competitor with GaAs in solar-cell applications. In many defense- related applications, GaAs- and GaN-based ICs are used because of their unique properties, and no effective substitutes exist for GaAs and GaN in these applications. In heterojunction bipolar transistors, GaAs is being replaced in some applications by silicon-germanium.",
      "recycling_summary": "Old scrap, none. Substantial quantities of new scrap generated in the manufacture of GaAs-based devices were reprocessed to recover high-purity gallium at one facility in New York.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, primary",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8890.0,
            "2022": 11400.0,
            "2023": 11400.0,
            "2024": 11000.0,
            "2025e": 25000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8890",
            "2022": "11400",
            "2023": "11400",
            "2024": "11000",
            "2025e": "25000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Gallium arsenide wafers (gross weight)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 306000.0,
            "2022": 424000.0,
            "2023": 163000.0,
            "2024": 152000.0,
            "2025e": 110000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "306000",
            "2022": "424000",
            "2023": "163000",
            "2024": "152000",
            "2025e": "110000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, reported",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 17100.0,
            "2022": 19700.0,
            "2023": 17800.0,
            "2024": 18700.0,
            "2025e": 19000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "17100",
            "2022": "19700",
            "2023": "17800",
            "2024": "18700",
            "2025e": "19000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 277.0,
            "2022": 432.0,
            "2023": 365.0,
            "2024": 439.0,
            "2025e": 580.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "277",
            "2022": "432",
            "2023": "365",
            "2024": "439",
            "2025e": "580"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, consumer, yearend",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Stocks, consumer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2810.0,
            "2022": 2780.0,
            "2023": 3340.0,
            "2024": 3410.0,
            "2025e": 3400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2810",
            "2022": "2780",
            "2023": "3340",
            "2024": "3410",
            "2025e": "3400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of reported consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of reported consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 277.0,
            "2022": 432.0,
            "2023": 365.0,
            "2024": 439.0,
            "2025e": 580.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "277",
            "2022": "432",
            "2023": "365",
            "2024": "439",
            "2025e": "580"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 135000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 19000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 580.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 28.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Low-Purity Production and Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 0.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 839000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 900000.0,
          "capacity": 1600000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "839000",
          "production_latest_raw": "900000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 4,5",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": 10000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 6000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6000.0,
          "capacity": 10000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "6000",
          "production_latest_raw": "6000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 100000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 848000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 900000.0,
          "capacity": 1700000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "848000",
          "production_latest_raw": "900000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes U.S. Geological Survey estimates.",
        "2": "Source: U.S.Census Bureau. Average customs value of U.S. imports of gallium metal, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States code 8112.92.1000.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports. Excludes gallium arsenide wafers.",
        "4": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
        "5": "Estimated from Asian Metal Ltd.",
        "6": "Other countries estimated to still have primary low-purity gallium production capacity include Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, and Ukraine.",
        "7": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "germanium",
      "name": "Germanium",
      "symbol": "Ge",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-germanium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "52d520ef79c4ad19a91c6633a4aa304d50e0df37c7beeb1103b16e7a8cf9486f",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in kilograms, germanium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Average European price for minimum 99.999% purity. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, zinc concentrates containing germanium were produced at a mine in Alaska. Some of the germanium-containing concentrates produced in Alaska were exported to a refinery in Canada for processing and germanium recovery in the form of dioxide and tetrachloride. Operations at a mine in Tennessee that also produced germanium-containing zinc concentrates have been suspended since November 2023. Prior to the suspension, the zinc concentrates were sent to a zinc smelter in Clarksville, TN, which recovered the germanium in the form of an intermediate leach concentrate for export. The value of germanium metal and germanium dioxide (gross weight) imported domestically in 2025 was estimated to be $66 million. A company in St. George, UT, produced germanium wafers mostly for solar cells used in satellites from imported and recycled germanium. A company in Quapaw, OK, produced germanium tetrachloride for the production of fiber optics from imported and recycled germanium materials.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The major end uses of germanium in the United States, in descending order, were fiber optics, infrared optics, semiconductor applications and solar cells, and radiation detectors. In the fiber optics industry, germanium dioxide and tetrachloride were consumed during the manufacture of fiber optic glass used for data networking and telecommunication. Germanium metal was processed into lenses for infrared optical systems used in commercial and government markets, fabricated into wafers used as substrates to produce multijunction solar cells used in space applications, and consumed to produce high-purity germanium radiation detectors. Germanium compounds were consumed to produce germane gas used in certain types of semiconductor and solar cell manufacturing. United States imports of germanium metal were estimated to have decreased by 67% in 2025 from those in 2024 to 7,000 kilograms owing to China’s ban on germanium exports to the United States in 2024. Imports of germanium dioxide increased by 55% from those in 2024 to an estimated 17,000 kilograms, likely owing to increased purchasing before potential tariff changes on imported goods from Canada. In the past, China has been a major source of germanium metal to the United States, and Canada has been a major source of germanium dioxide. In August, the U.S. Department of Energy announced several investment initiatives totaling $1 billion to advance the domestic supply chain of critical minerals and materials, including funding for the refining and alloying of select materials, including germanium, for semiconductors and funding for facilities to produce certain mineral byproducts, including germanium, from existing industrial processes. Global germanium refinery production and recycling data were limited, and available estimates were difficult to verify. China continued to be the leading global producer and exporter of germanium metal in 2025. In August 2023, the Government of China implemented an export licensing program for germanium. In December 2024, China banned all exports of germanium to the United States. China’s reported exports of germanium metal for the year through September 2025 decreased to 7,520 kilograms from 18,787 kilograms and 36,656 kilograms in the same periods in 2024 and 2023, respectively. In 2025, exports were mostly sent to Russia (28%), Belgium (26%), Germany (26%), and Japan (18%). Germanium metal and germanium dioxide prices (Europe, minimum 99.999% purity) increased between January and October 2025, with the price for germanium metal increasing from $3,150 per kilogram to $5,380 per kilogram and the price for germanium dioxide increasing from $2,200 per kilogram to $2,850 per kilogram.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Germanium reserves data were not widely reported at a mine or country level and thus difficult to quantify. The available resources of germanium are associated with certain zinc and lead-zinc-copper sulfide ores and lignite coal deposits.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Silicon or gallium arsenide substitute for germanium in certain electronic applications. Some metallic compounds can be substituted in high-frequency electronics applications and in some light-emitting-diode applications. Chalcogenide glass has been used as a substitute for germanium metal in infrared applications. Antimony and titanium are substitutes for use as polymerization catalysts.",
      "recycling_summary": "The United States has the capability to recycle new (preconsumer) and old (postconsumer) germanium scrap. During the manufacture of infrared germanium optics, much of the germanium removed during the machining process is routinely recycled as new scrap. Infrared lenses and windows in decommissioned military equipment also are recycled to recover germanium. Germanium is recycled from certain wastes generated during the manufacture of optical fibers. Germanium wafers used as substrates to produce solar cells also are recycled. Available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of the amount of secondary germanium produced.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, refinery",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, refinery",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13000.0,
            "2022": 14000.0,
            "2023": 22000.0,
            "2024": 21000.0,
            "2025e": 7000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13000",
            "2022": "14000",
            "2023": "22000",
            "2024": "21000",
            "2025e": "7000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium dioxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 17000.0,
            "2022": 15000.0,
            "2023": 14000.0,
            "2024": 11000.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "17000",
            "2022": "15000",
            "2023": "14000",
            "2024": "11000",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium tetrachloride",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5500.0,
            "2022": 6600.0,
            "2023": 6000.0,
            "2024": 9000.0,
            "2025e": 7000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5500",
            "2022": "6600",
            "2023": "6000",
            "2024": "9000",
            "2025e": "7000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium dioxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 430.0,
            "2022": 130.0,
            "2023": 110.0,
            "2024": 92.0,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "430",
            "2022": "130",
            "2023": "110",
            "2024": "92",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium tetrachloride",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, estimated",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, estimated",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 30000.0,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "30000",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1187.0,
            "2022": 1294.0,
            "2023": 1392.0,
            "2024": 1991.0,
            "2025e": 4100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1187",
            "2022": "1294",
            "2023": "1392",
            "2024": "1991",
            "2025e": "4100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Germanium dioxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 770.0,
            "2022": 828.0,
            "2023": 883.0,
            "2024": 1281.0,
            "2025e": 2500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "770",
            "2022": "828",
            "2023": "883",
            "2024": "1281",
            "2025e": "2500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">50",
            "2022": ">50",
            "2023": ">50",
            "2024": ">50",
            "2025e": ">50"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Germanium metal",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1187.0,
            "2022": 1294.0,
            "2023": 1392.0,
            "2024": 1991.0,
            "2025e": 4100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1187",
            "2022": "1294",
            "2023": "1392",
            "2024": "1991",
            "2025e": "4100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Germanium dioxide",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 770.0,
            "2022": 828.0,
            "2023": 883.0,
            "2024": 1281.0,
            "2025e": 2500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "770",
            "2022": "828",
            "2023": "883",
            "2024": "1281",
            "2025e": "2500"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 24000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 7015.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 4100.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 50.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">50"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 0.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Germanium metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Germanium dioxide (Ge content)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 57.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 37.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Combined total",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Refinery Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": null,
      "world_production_year_latest": null,
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data have been adjusted to exclude low-value shipments. Germanium dioxide data were multiplied by 69% to calculate the germanium content.",
        "2": "Defined as change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "3": "Estimated consumption of germanium contained in metal and germanium dioxide.",
        "4": "Average European price for minimum 99.999% purity. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "5": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "graphite",
      "name": "Graphite (natural)",
      "symbol": "C",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-graphite.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "09ec621ed6400162e7f0b09b1e0ae8260a976d968c1936d69592fe5347f8df38",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, no natural graphite was produced domestically in the United States. Domestic production of amorphous graphite was last recorded in Montana in 1989, and flake graphite was last produced in Texas in 1979. In 2025, U.S. companies consumed an estimated 71,000 tons of natural graphite valued at $128 million. Natural graphite was widely used in batteries, brake linings, lubricants, powdered metals, refractory applications, and steelmaking, and was also incorporated into some defense-related materials and components. During 2025, U.S. natural graphite imports were an estimated 79,000 tons, consisting of 73.4% flake and high-purity, 26.2% amorphous, and 0.4% lump and chip graphite.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2022, U.S. apparent consumption of natural graphite reached its highest level since 1978 and remained elevated through 2025. Imports of graphite battery anode material, natural and synthetic, during the first 8 months of 2025 were 43,400 tons compared with 28,100 tons for the same period in 2024. The leading sources in 2025 were China (55%), Indonesia (31%), and the Republic of Korea (14%). In December 2024, a group of graphite producers based in North America submitted a petition asking the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) to review China’s trade practices involving graphite active anode material (AAM). The ITC determined that AAM from China was likely being sold at less than fair market value in the United States. In 2025, the DOC released its preliminary results, which set antidumping duties at 93.50% and countervailing duties ranging from 11.58% to 721.03% depending on the company. In 2025, China was the world’s leading natural graphite supplier, producing an estimated 82% of total world production. Most production of natural graphite in China was crystalline flake. During the first 9 months of the year, China exported 115,000 tons of natural graphite, 6% more than the 109,000 tons exported during the same period in 2024. During the first 9 months of 2025, China exported 37,400 tons of spherical purified graphite (SPG), 29% more than the 29,100 tons exported during the same period in 2024. The leading recipients of natural graphite from China in the first 9 months of 2025 were Japan (36%), Indonesia (22%), the Republic of Korea (10%), and Germany (8%). The leading recipients of SPG from China in the first 9 months of 2025 were the Republic of Korea (40%), Indonesia (33%), Japan (16%), and the United States (11%). The increase of exports to Indonesia were likely owing to a Chinese company’s new SPG facility that began production in Central Java, Indonesia. Chinese companies were also developing or considering SPG facilities in Finland, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, and Sweden. GRAPHITE (NATURAL) U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Five companies were considering or developing graphite-mining projects in the United States: two in Alabama, one in Alaska, one in Montana, and one in New York. In Alaska, the company completed a feasibility study in 2025, which included plans to produce an average of 175,000 tons per year of graphite concentrate over 20 years. The project was also added to the Fixing America’s Surface Transport Act dashboard, which seeks to decrease permitting timelines. In New York, a zinc producer continued development of the Kilbourne graphite deposit near its existing zinc mine. The company also began construction of a graphite demonstration plant to produce natural graphite concentrate for qualification purposes. In 2025, Tanzania more than doubled graphite production to 75,000 tons. Commercial production began in 2017 with a Tanzanian company in Manyara, and in 2019 a Chinese company started production in Tanga. In 2024, Australian and Chinese companies commissioned graphite mines in Lindi and Manyara, respectively. In Mozambique, a Chinese company began production at a new graphite mine in Niassa and an Australian company restarted production at the Balama Mine in June after being suspended since late 2024. In Brazil, two companies continued to ramp up production at the Boa Sorte and Santa Cruz graphite mines, both of which began production in 2024. Additionally, a Russian company began graphite production at the Soyuznoye deposit in 2025. SPG was produced in the United States by two companies in Illinois and Louisiana. In Alabama, a company commissioned an SPG qualification line at its plant in Kellyton. At least eight other companies were considering SPG plants in the United States. In Australia, a company commissioned an SPG demonstration plant in Queensland.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Domestic resources of graphite are relatively small, but the rest of the world’s resources exceed 800 million tons of recoverable graphite.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Synthetic graphite powder, scrap from discarded machined shapes, and calcined petroleum coke compete for use in iron and steel production. Synthetic graphite powder and secondary synthetic graphite from machining graphite shapes compete for use in battery applications. Finely ground coke with olivine is a potential competitor in foundry-facing applications. Molybdenum disulfide competes as a dry lubricant but is more sensitive to oxidizing conditions.",
      "recycling_summary": "Refractory brick and linings, alumina-graphite refractories for continuous metal castings, magnesia- graphite refractory brick for basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, and insulation brick was increasing, with material being recycled into products such as brake linings and thermal insulation. The abundance of graphite in the world market inhibits increased recycling efforts. Information on the quantity and value of recycled graphite was not available.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, mine",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 53000.0,
            "2022": 89200.0,
            "2023": 73500.0,
            "2024": 73900.0,
            "2025e": 79000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "53000",
            "2022": "89200",
            "2023": "73500",
            "2024": "73900",
            "2025e": "79000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8660.0,
            "2022": 9500.0,
            "2023": 7780.0,
            "2024": 8740.0,
            "2025e": 8400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8660",
            "2022": "9500",
            "2023": "7780",
            "2024": "8740",
            "2025e": "8400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 44300.0,
            "2022": 79700.0,
            "2023": 65700.0,
            "2024": 65200.0,
            "2025e": 71000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "44300",
            "2022": "79700",
            "2023": "65700",
            "2024": "65200",
            "2025e": "71000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Flake",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "subsection": "foreign ports",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1330.0,
            "2022": 1200.0,
            "2023": 1080.0,
            "2024": 1050.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1330",
            "2022": "1200",
            "2023": "1080",
            "2024": "1050",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Lump and chip (Sri Lanka)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "subsection": "foreign ports",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2010.0,
            "2022": 2590.0,
            "2023": 2380.0,
            "2024": 2810.0,
            "2025e": 2600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2010",
            "2022": "2590",
            "2023": "2380",
            "2024": "2810",
            "2025e": "2600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Amorphous",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "subsection": "foreign ports",
          "values": {
            "2021": 629.0,
            "2022": 563.0,
            "2023": 607.0,
            "2024": 535.0,
            "2025e": 470.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "629",
            "2022": "563",
            "2023": "607",
            "2024": "535",
            "2025e": "470"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Flake",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1330.0,
            "2022": 1200.0,
            "2023": 1080.0,
            "2024": 1050.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1330",
            "2022": "1200",
            "2023": "1080",
            "2024": "1050",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Lump and chip (Sri Lanka)",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2010.0,
            "2022": 2590.0,
            "2023": 2380.0,
            "2024": 2810.0,
            "2025e": 2600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2010",
            "2022": "2590",
            "2023": "2380",
            "2024": "2810",
            "2025e": "2600"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Amorphous",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton at",
          "values": {
            "2021": 629.0,
            "2022": 563.0,
            "2023": 607.0,
            "2024": 535.0,
            "2025e": 470.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "629",
            "2022": "563",
            "2023": "607",
            "2024": "535",
            "2025e": "470"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 79000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 8400.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 71000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1000.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 46.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 13.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "share_pct": 13.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_pct": 12.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 16.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 46.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mozambique",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "( )",
          "note": "footnote 4",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Austria",
          "production_prev_year": 100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "100",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "( )",
          "note": "footnote 4",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 58000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 65000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 74000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "58000",
          "production_latest_raw": "65000",
          "reserves_raw": "74000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 11700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 8000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5900000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "11700",
          "production_latest_raw": "8000",
          "reserves_raw": "5900000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 1270000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1400000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 100000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1270000",
          "production_latest_raw": "1400000",
          "reserves_raw": "100000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 140.0,
          "production_latest_year": 140.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "140",
          "production_latest_raw": "140",
          "reserves_raw": "( )",
          "note": "footnote 4",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 17600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 17000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8600000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "17600",
          "production_latest_raw": "17000",
          "reserves_raw": "8600000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, North",
          "production_prev_year": 8100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 8000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "8100",
          "production_latest_raw": "8000",
          "reserves_raw": "2000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 1000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1000",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "1800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 85000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 27000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "85000",
          "production_latest_raw": "80000",
          "reserves_raw": "27000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 706.0,
          "production_latest_year": 740.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "706",
          "production_latest_raw": "740",
          "reserves_raw": "3100000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "production_prev_year": 39000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 60000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 25000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "39000",
          "production_latest_raw": "60000",
          "reserves_raw": "25000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "production_prev_year": 5340.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 600000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5340",
          "production_latest_raw": "6600",
          "reserves_raw": "600000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 20000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 25000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 14000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "20000",
          "production_latest_raw": "25000",
          "reserves_raw": "14000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sri Lanka",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3200",
          "reserves_raw": "1500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tanzania",
          "production_prev_year": 27000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 75000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 18000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "27000",
          "production_latest_raw": "75000",
          "reserves_raw": "18000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 2600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6900000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2600",
          "production_latest_raw": "2200",
          "reserves_raw": "6900000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Ukraine",
          "production_prev_year": 900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "900",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "( )",
          "note": "footnote 4",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 9700000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "500",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "9700000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1550000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1800000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 310000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1550000",
          "production_latest_raw": "1800000",
          "reserves_raw": "310000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. — Zero.",
        "1": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "2": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "3": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "4": "Included in “World total.”"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "indium",
      "name": "Indium",
      "symbol": "In",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-indium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "43782a8086bf24da5a60e81e690c4a6f9c54c489fd276aacbf79f23945f1be05",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Price is based on 99.99%-minimum-purity, free on board U.S. warehouse. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Indium was not recovered from ores in the United States in 2025. Several companies produced indium products—including alloys, compounds, high-purity metal, and solders—from imported indium metal. Production of indium tin oxide (ITO) continued to account for most global indium consumption. ITO thin- film coatings were primarily used for electrically conductive purposes in a variety of flat-panel displays—most commonly liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Other indium end uses included alloys and solders, compounds, electrical components and semiconductors, and research. Estimated domestic consumption of refined indium was 220 tons in 2025 and was based on the annual estimated import quantity. There were no readily available recycling or end-use data available for indium. The estimated price for refined indium in 2025 was about $350,000 per ton.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, the estimated annual average U.S. warehouse price (free on board) was $390 per kilogram, 11% more than the reported average price in 2024. The U.S. price, as reported by Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets, began the year at $383 per kilogram. In June, the price peaked at $408 per kilogram. China is the leading global producer of indium, accounting for 70% of the world total. In February 2025, China’s Ministry of Commerce subjected several critical minerals, including indium, to new export restrictions. Asian Metal reported that exports of unwrought indium declined by 72%, year over year, from September 2024 to September 2025. Fifth-generation (5G) technologies continued to increase demand for indium. Indium phosphide (InP)-based substrates are used in 5G fiber-optic telecommunications networks where InP lasers and receivers send data through fiber-optic lines, which allow for lower latency, reduced signal loss, and faster speeds. Artificial intelligence was expected to increase demand for specialized chip materials, including those made of InP, that allow for more advanced computation. Indium, as ITO, is used as a coating on data-center fibers and cables to increase signal transmission and reduce loss. InP is also used in high-speed photodetectors and laser diodes for optical communications. Additionally, some electrical components in data centers use indium-based solder alloys. INDIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026",
      "world_resources_summary": "Indium is most commonly recovered from the zinc-sulfide ore mineral sphalerite. The indium content of zinc deposits from which it is recovered ranges from less than 1 part per million to 100 parts per million. Although the geochemical properties of indium are such that it occurs in trace amounts in other base-metal sulfides— particularly chalcopyrite and stannite—indium recovery from most deposits of these minerals was not economic.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Antimony tin oxide coatings have been developed as an alternative to ITO coatings in LCDs and have been successfully annealed to LCD glass; carbon nanotube coatings have been developed as an alternative to ITO coatings in flexible displays, solar cells, and touch screens; poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has also been developed as a substitute for ITO in flexible displays and organic light-emitting diodes; and copper or silver nanowires have been explored as a substitute for ITO in touch screens. Graphene has been developed to replace ITO electrodes in solar cells and also has been explored as a replacement for ITO in flexible touch screens. Researchers have developed a more adhesive zinc oxide nanopowder to potentially replace ITO in LCDs. Hafnium can replace indium in nuclear reactor control rod alloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Indium is most commonly recovered from ITO scrap in Japan and the Republic of Korea. Indium- containing scrap was recycled domestically; however, data on the quantity of indium recovered from scrap were not available.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, refinery",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, refinery",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 158.0,
            "2022": 202.0,
            "2023": 219.0,
            "2024": 220.0,
            "2025e": 220.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "158",
            "2022": "202",
            "2023": "219",
            "2024": "220",
            "2025e": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, estimated",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, estimated",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 158.0,
            "2022": 202.0,
            "2023": 219.0,
            "2024": 220.0,
            "2025e": 220.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "158",
            "2022": "202",
            "2023": "219",
            "2024": "220",
            "2025e": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "U.S. warehouse, free on board",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 223.0,
            "2022": 250.0,
            "2023": 244.0,
            "2024": 351.0,
            "2025e": 370.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "223",
            "2022": "250",
            "2023": "244",
            "2024": "351",
            "2025e": "370"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rotterdam, duties unpaid",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 217.0,
            "2022": 252.0,
            "2023": 249.0,
            "2024": 311.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "217",
            "2022": "252",
            "2023": "249",
            "2024": "311",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of estimated consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "U.S. warehouse, free on board",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 223.0,
            "2022": 250.0,
            "2023": 244.0,
            "2024": 351.0,
            "2025e": 370.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "223",
            "2022": "250",
            "2023": "244",
            "2024": "351",
            "2025e": "370"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rotterdam, duties unpaid",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 217.0,
            "2022": 252.0,
            "2023": 249.0,
            "2024": 311.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "217",
            "2022": "252",
            "2023": "249",
            "2024": "311",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 220.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 220.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 370.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Republic of Korea",
          "share_pct": 25.0
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 12.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 11.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 30.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Refinery Production and Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 0.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Belgium",
          "production_prev_year": 19.0,
          "production_latest_year": 19.0,
          "capacity": 50.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "19",
          "production_latest_raw": "19",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 40.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": 70.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 760.0,
          "production_latest_year": 760.0,
          "capacity": 1100.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "760",
          "production_latest_raw": "760",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "France",
          "production_prev_year": 21.0,
          "production_latest_year": 21.0,
          "capacity": 70.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "21",
          "production_latest_raw": "21",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 65.0,
          "production_latest_year": 65.0,
          "capacity": 70.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "65",
          "production_latest_raw": "65",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 180.0,
          "production_latest_year": 180.0,
          "capacity": 310.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "180",
          "production_latest_raw": "180",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 5.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5.0,
          "capacity": 15.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "5",
          "production_latest_raw": "5",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Uzbekistan",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1090.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1100.0,
          "capacity": 1700.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1090",
          "production_latest_raw": "1100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Source: Daily Metal Prices, 2025, Daily metal spot prices—Indium prices for the last day: Daily Metal Prices. (Accessed September 30, 2025, at https://www.dailymetalprice.com/metalprices.php.)",
        "2": "Estimated to equal imports.",
        "3": "Price is based on 99.99%-minimum-purity, free on board U.S. warehouse. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "4": "Price is based on 99.99%-minimum-purity, duties unpaid (Rotterdam). Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "6": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "7": "Refinery production data for indium were limited or unavailable for most countries. Estimates were derived from trade data, production capacity, and (or) changes in related lead and zinc smelter production."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "iron-and-steel",
      "name": "Iron and Steel",
      "symbol": "Fe",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "99875e4897c8f39150fdd46961277be6806b22bef9e8facef78296c0e005657e",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in million metric tons, metal, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The U.S. iron and steel industry produced 82 million tons of raw steel in 2025 with an estimated sales value of about $149 billion, a slight decrease from $150 billion in 2024. At the beginning of 2025, pig iron and raw steel were produced by two companies operating integrated steel mills in eight active locations. Multiple integrated steel mills were fully or partially idled over the last 3 years, and prior reporting of locations previously differentiated multiple facilities at the same location. Raw steel from electric arc furnaces was produced by 47 companies at 102 minimills. Combined raw steel production capacity was about 105 million tons per year, a slight decrease from 107 million tons in 2024. Indiana accounted for an estimated 19% of total raw steel production, followed by Ohio, 8%; Texas, 5%; and Pennsylvania, 4%; no other individual State accounted for more than 4% of total domestic raw steel production. Construction accounted for an estimated 31% of net shipments by market classification, followed by steel service centers and distributors, 26%; automotive, 15%; and steel for converting and processing, 11%; all other applications accounted for 17% of net shipments.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, tariffs increased to a rate of 25% for all countries in March 2025, removing prior exceptions granted since the tariffs were implemented in 2018. In June, tariffs on steel products imported to the United States were increased to 50% for all countries. Various extensions, exclusions, and reciprocal clauses were introduced throughout 2025. In November, Proclamation 10993 granted a 2-year regulatory relief period from Clean Air Act standards set in 2024 affecting coke oven facilities, which manufacture metallurgical coke used in the production of steel in integrated steel mills that account for approximately 28% of domestic steel production. In March, one company began construction on a new minimill in southern California with a production capacity of 450,000 tons per year of rebar steel. In June, a domestic steel manufacturer completed a deal to be acquired by a Japan-based steel company. The deal was approved by the U.S. Government with stipulations and was expected to generate $11 billion in domestic steelmaking investments through 2028. In September, that company also halted production at one mill in Illinois with a production capacity of 2.7 million tons per year of raw steel but was expected to keep the mill in an operational state with the possibility of resuming production. Citing strategic capacity adjustments to account for product-specific market conditions, another company indefinitely idled multiple facilities, including an Illinois basic oxygen furnace and mill with a production capacity of 700,000 tons per year of hot-rolled coil products; a Michigan basic oxygen furnace and continuous casting facilities with a production capacity of 1.99 million tons per year of pig iron and 2.40 million tons per year of carbon slabs, advanced high-strength steels, and other products; and a Pennsylvania minimill with a production capacity of 300,000 tons per year of rail and other products. That company also restarted a blast furnace in Ohio with a production capacity of 1.37 million tons per year of pig iron. The World Steel Association estimated global finished steel demand to remain unchanged in 2025 owing to declining steel demand in China offset by growth in developing economies including Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam. Globally, the manufacturing sector was expected to be affected by affordability pressures on consumers and elevated production costs. Countries with economies reliant on the export of steel-intensive goods were negatively affected by trade tensions.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Not applicable. See the Iron Ore chapter for steelmaking raw-material resources.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal. In most applications, iron and steel compete either with less expensive nonmetallic materials or with more expensive materials that have a performance advantage. Iron and steel compete with lighter materials, such as aluminum and plastics in the automotive industry; aluminum, concrete, and wood in construction; and aluminum, glass, paper, and plastics in containers.",
      "recycling_summary": "See the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron and Steel Slag chapters.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Pig iron production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 22.2,
            "2022": 20.0,
            "2023": 22.5,
            "2024": 20.6,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "22.2",
            "2022": "20.0",
            "2023": "22.5",
            "2024": "20.6",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Raw steel production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.8,
            "2022": 80.5,
            "2023": 81.4,
            "2024": 79.5,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.8",
            "2022": "80.5",
            "2023": "81.4",
            "2024": "79.5",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Continuously cast steel, percent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 99.8,
            "2022": 99.7,
            "2023": 99.7,
            "2024": 99.7,
            "2025e": 99.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "99.8",
            "2022": "99.7",
            "2023": "99.7",
            "2024": "99.7",
            "2025e": "99.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments, steel mill products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.9,
            "2022": 81.2,
            "2023": 81.0,
            "2024": 78.7,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.9",
            "2022": "81.2",
            "2023": "81.0",
            "2024": "78.7",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.6,
            "2022": 22.9,
            "2023": 19.7,
            "2024": 20.4,
            "2025e": 19.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20.6",
            "2022": "22.9",
            "2023": "19.7",
            "2024": "20.4",
            "2025e": "19"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.9,
            "2022": 5.1,
            "2023": 5.9,
            "2024": 5.8,
            "2025e": 5.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.9",
            "2022": "5.1",
            "2023": "5.9",
            "2024": "5.8",
            "2025e": "5"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 28.5,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 25.6,
            "2024": 26.2,
            "2025e": 24.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "28.5",
            "2022": "28.0",
            "2023": "25.6",
            "2024": "26.2",
            "2025e": "24"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.4,
            "2022": 7.5,
            "2023": 7.9,
            "2024": 7.9,
            "2025e": 6.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.4",
            "2022": "7.5",
            "2023": "7.9",
            "2024": "7.9",
            "2025e": "6"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.1,
            "2022": 0.1,
            "2023": 0.3,
            "2024": 0.1,
            "2025e": 0.1
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.1",
            "2022": "0.1",
            "2023": "0.3",
            "2024": "0.1",
            "2025e": "0.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.5,
            "2022": 7.6,
            "2023": 8.2,
            "2024": 8.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.5",
            "2022": "7.6",
            "2023": "8.2",
            "2024": "8.0",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 6.7,
            "2023": 6.5,
            "2024": 6.5,
            "2025e": 6.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.0",
            "2022": "6.7",
            "2023": "6.5",
            "2024": "6.5",
            "2025e": "6.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 96.2,
            "2023": 92.4,
            "2024": 91.1,
            "2025e": 95.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "96.2",
            "2023": "92.4",
            "2024": "91.1",
            "2025e": "95"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Producer price index, steel mill products (1982=100)",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 351.0,
            "2022": 382.0,
            "2023": 320.0,
            "2024": 291.0,
            "2025e": 290.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "351",
            "2022": "382",
            "2023": "320",
            "2024": "291",
            "2025e": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iron and steel mills",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 78300.0,
            "2022": 80800.0,
            "2023": 84000.0,
            "2024": 84900.0,
            "2025e": 86000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "78300",
            "2022": "80800",
            "2023": "84000",
            "2024": "84900",
            "2025e": "86000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Steel product manufacturing",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 52700.0,
            "2022": 55400.0,
            "2023": 58500.0,
            "2024": 59600.0,
            "2025e": 61000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "52700",
            "2022": "55400",
            "2023": "58500",
            "2024": "59600",
            "2025e": "61000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 14.0,
            "2022": 16.0,
            "2023": 12.0,
            "2024": 14.0,
            "2025e": 13.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "14",
            "2022": "16",
            "2023": "12",
            "2024": "14",
            "2025e": "13"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 103.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 24.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 7.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 95.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 13.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 5570.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 23.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_pct": 15.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "share_pct": 13.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Republic of Korea",
          "share_pct": 9.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 40.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 40.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 20.6,
          "production_latest_year": 103.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "20.6",
          "production_latest_raw": "21",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 21.0,
            "Raw steel": 82.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 27.0,
          "production_latest_year": 63.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "27",
          "production_latest_raw": "28",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 28.0,
            "Raw steel": 35.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 852.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1810.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "852",
          "production_latest_raw": "830",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 830.0,
            "Raw steel": 980.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 24.0,
          "production_latest_year": 63.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "24",
          "production_latest_raw": "25",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 25.0,
            "Raw steel": 38.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 90.0,
          "production_latest_year": 258.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "90",
          "production_latest_raw": "98",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 98.0,
            "Raw steel": 160.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 4.0,
          "production_latest_year": 36.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "4",
          "production_latest_raw": "4",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 4.0,
            "Raw steel": 32.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 61.0,
          "production_latest_year": 140.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "61",
          "production_latest_raw": "59",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 59.0,
            "Raw steel": 81.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 44.0,
          "production_latest_year": 101.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "44",
          "production_latest_raw": "41",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 41.0,
            "Raw steel": 60.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 51.0,
          "production_latest_year": 112.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "51",
          "production_latest_raw": "47",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 47.0,
            "Raw steel": 65.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 10.0,
          "production_latest_year": 47.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "10",
          "production_latest_raw": "10",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 10.0,
            "Raw steel": 37.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 14.0,
          "production_latest_year": 37.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "14",
          "production_latest_raw": "14",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 14.0,
            "Raw steel": 23.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 78.0,
          "production_latest_year": 373.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "78",
          "production_latest_raw": "93",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 93.0,
            "Raw steel": 280.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1280.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1280",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Pig iron": 1300.0,
            "Raw steel": 1900.0
          }
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "U.S. production and shipments data source is the American Iron and Steel Institute; see also the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron Ore chapters.",
        "2": "Steel mill products. Source: Metals Service Center Institute, September 2025.",
        "3": "Defined as steel mill product shipments + imports of finished steel mill products – exports of steel mill products ± adjustments for stock changes.",
        "4": "Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, North American Industry Classification System Code 331100 and 332100.",
        "5": "Defined as imports of finished steel mill products – total exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. Reported in metric tons. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Source: World Steel Association, 2025, worldsteel Short Range Outlook October 2025: Brussels, Belgium, World Steel Association press release, October 13, 3 p. (Accessed November 18, 2025, at https://worldsteel.org/media/press-releases/2025/worldsteel-short-range-outlook-october-2025/.)"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lead",
      "name": "Lead",
      "symbol": "Pb",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lead.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "7abd4936108c47b9f240e7282579a917a052c72624b3ddf62ac8746926c2c46c",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, lead content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, North American, cents per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Lead was produced domestically by five lead mines in Missouri plus as a byproduct at two zinc mines in Alaska and two silver mines in Idaho. The value of recoverable lead from ore mined in 2025 was an estimated $650 million, 8% less than that in 2024. Nearly all lead concentrate production has been exported since the last primary lead refinery closed in 2013. The value of the secondary lead produced in 2025 was $2.4 billion, a 4% decrease from that in 2024. The lead-acid battery industry accounted for an estimated 67% of U.S. apparent consumption of lead during 2025. Lead-acid batteries were primarily used as starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) batteries for automobiles, as industrial-type batteries for standby power for computer and telecommunications networks, and for motive power.",
      "events_trends_summary": "During the first 10 months of 2025, the average North American price for lead was 106 cents per pound, 3% less than the annual average price of 108.8 cents per pound in 2024. Global stocks of lead in LME-approved warehouses were 217,000 tons at the end of October, 10% less than those at yearend 2024. In 2025, domestic mine production of recoverable lead decreased by 9% from that in 2024 owing to several lead- producing mines reducing production. Estimated U.S. apparent consumption of refined lead increased by 8% from that in 2024, and the net import reliance increased to 33% from 27%. In the first 8 months of 2025, 23 million spent SLI lead-acid batteries were exported, a 23% increase from 19 million batteries exported in the same period in 2024. According to the International Lead and Zinc Study Group, global refined lead production in 2025 was forecast to increase slightly to 13.3 million tons and refined lead consumption to increase slightly to 13.25 million tons. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified world lead resources total more than 2 billion tons. In recent years, significant lead resources have been identified in association with zinc and (or) silver or copper deposits in Australia, China, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Russia, and the United States (Alaska).",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitution by plastics has reduced the use of lead in cable covering and cans. Tin has replaced lead in solder for potable water systems. The electronics industry has moved toward lead-free solders and flat-panel displays that do not require lead shielding. Steel and zinc are common substitutes for lead in wheel weights.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, an estimated 1 million tons of secondary lead was produced, an amount equivalent to 70% of apparent domestic consumption. Nearly all secondary lead was recovered from old scrap, mostly lead-acid batteries.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine, lead in concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 294.0,
            "2022": 273.0,
            "2023": 270.0,
            "2024": 304.0,
            "2025e": 280.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "294",
            "2022": "273",
            "2023": "270",
            "2024": "304",
            "2025e": "280"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Mine, recoverable lead",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 286.0,
            "2022": 264.0,
            "2023": 263.0,
            "2024": 296.0,
            "2025e": 270.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "286",
            "2022": "264",
            "2023": "263",
            "2024": "296",
            "2025e": "270"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary refinery",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary refinery, old scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1050.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 1010.0,
            "2024": 1030.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1050",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "1010",
            "2024": "1030",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "() Refined metal, unwrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": "()",
          "values": {
            "2021": 614.0,
            "2022": 652.0,
            "2023": 519.0,
            "2024": 410.0,
            "2025e": 520.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "614",
            "2022": "652",
            "2023": "519",
            "2024": "410",
            "2025e": "520"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Lead in concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 262.0,
            "2022": 255.0,
            "2023": 246.0,
            "2024": 260.0,
            "2025e": 220.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "262",
            "2022": "255",
            "2023": "246",
            "2024": "260",
            "2025e": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined metal, unwrought (gross weight)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 22.0,
            "2022": 26.0,
            "2023": 23.0,
            "2024": 37.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "22",
            "2022": "26",
            "2023": "23",
            "2024": "37",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1640.0,
            "2022": 1630.0,
            "2023": 1500.0,
            "2024": 1410.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1640",
            "2022": "1630",
            "2023": "1500",
            "2024": "1410",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average, North American, cents per pound",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, average, North American, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 113.0,
            "2022": 116.5,
            "2023": 114.1,
            "2024": 108.8,
            "2025e": 106.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "113.0",
            "2022": "116.5",
            "2023": "114.1",
            "2024": "108.8",
            "2025e": "106"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, refined metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, refined metal",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 36.0,
            "2022": 38.0,
            "2023": 33.0,
            "2024": 27.0,
            "2025e": 33.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "36",
            "2022": "38",
            "2023": "33",
            "2024": "27",
            "2025e": "33"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average, North American, cents per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, North American, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 113.0,
            "2022": 116.5,
            "2023": 114.1,
            "2024": 108.8,
            "2025e": 106.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "113.0",
            "2022": "116.5",
            "2023": "114.1",
            "2024": "108.8",
            "2025e": "106"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 280.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 1000.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 520.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 242.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 1500.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 106.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 33.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Refined metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 304.0,
          "production_latest_year": 280.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "304",
          "production_latest_raw": "280",
          "reserves_raw": "4600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 481.0,
          "production_latest_year": 480.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 34000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "481",
          "production_latest_raw": "480",
          "reserves_raw": "34000",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 110.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "110",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": "1600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 1940.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 22000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1940",
          "production_latest_raw": "1900",
          "reserves_raw": "22000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 226.0,
          "production_latest_year": 220.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1900.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "226",
          "production_latest_raw": "220",
          "reserves_raw": "1900",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 70.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "70",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": "2000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 240.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "240",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "5600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 291.0,
          "production_latest_year": 290.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "291",
          "production_latest_raw": "290",
          "reserves_raw": "5000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 260.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8900.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "260",
          "production_latest_raw": "260",
          "reserves_raw": "8900",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sweden",
          "production_prev_year": 75.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1700.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "75",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": "1700",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tajikistan",
          "production_prev_year": 39.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "39",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 66.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "66",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": "1600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 498.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5900.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "498",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "5900",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 4600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 95000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4600",
          "production_latest_raw": "4500",
          "reserves_raw": "95000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Less than ½ unit.",
        "2": "Defined as secondary refined production from old scrap + refined imports – refined exports.",
        "3": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "4": "Defined as refined imports – refined exports.",
        "5": "Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group, 2025, ILZSG session/forecasts: Lisbon, Portugal, International Lead and Zinc Study Group press release, October 13, [4] p.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "7": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 10 million tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lithium",
      "name": "Lithium",
      "symbol": "Li",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lithium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "53f92ea45c367c36f05919151f7784feda5776095afaf3a25aec795a27be106f",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, lithium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average-real, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Commercial-scale lithium production in the United States was from a continental brine operation in Nevada. Two companies produced a wide range of downstream lithium compounds in the United States from domestic or imported lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, and lithium hydroxide. Domestic production data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Although lithium uses vary by location, global end uses were estimated as follows: batteries, 88%; ceramics and glass, 4%; lubricating greases, 2%; air treatment, 1%; continuous casting mold flux powders, 1%; medical, 1%; and other uses, 3%. Lithium consumption for batteries increased significantly owing to the use of rechargeable lithium batteries in the growing market for electric vehicles (EVs), energy grid storage applications, portable electronic devices, and electric tools. Lithium minerals were used directly as mineral concentrates in ceramics and glass applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Excluding U.S. production, worldwide lithium production in 2025 increased by 31% to approximately 290,000 tons from 222,000 tons in 2024 in response to strong demand from the lithium-ion battery market, high lithium prices from 2021 to early 2023, and an increase in global lithium production capacity. Global consumption of lithium in 2025 was estimated to be 263,000 tons, a 20% increase from consumption of 220,000 tons in 2024. Concern about a short-term lithium oversupply kept prices low during the first half of 2025. However, considerable EV sales growth in China and Europe and increased demand for battery energy storage systems contributed to lithium price increases during the second half of 2025. Spot lithium carbonate prices in China [cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.)] increased from approximately $9,300 per ton in January to approximately $10,300 per ton in November. For fixed contracts, the annual average U.S. lithium carbonate price was $9,000 per ton in 2025, a decrease of 31% from that in 2024. Spot lithium hydroxide prices in China [free on board (f.o.b.)] increased from approximately $10,300 per ton in January to approximately $11,200 per ton in November. Spodumene (6% lithium oxide) prices in Australia (f.o.b.) increased from approximately $800 per ton in January to approximately $970 per ton in November. Four brine operations in Argentina, seven mineral operations in Australia, one mineral operation in Brazil, two mineral operations in Canada, two brine operations Chile, nine mineral and six brine operations in China, two mineral operations in Mali, and five mineral operations in Zimbabwe accounted for the majority of world lithium production. Additionally, smaller operations in Argentina, Brazil, China, Portugal, and the United States also contributed to world lithium production. Namibia temporarily removed from mine production owing to legal uncertainties. Despite some lithium producers reducing output or expansion projects being postponed in 2025 owing to low prices, significant production capacity expansions took place in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Mali, the United States, and Zimbabwe. LITHIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Lithium supply security has become a priority for technology companies in Asia, Europe, and North America. Strategic alliances and joint ventures among technology companies and exploration companies continued to be established to ensure a reliable, diversified supply of lithium for battery suppliers and vehicle manufacturers. Brine-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, and the United States; mineral-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe; lithium-clay sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Mexico and the United States.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Owing to continuing exploration, measured and indicated lithium resources have increased substantially worldwide and total about 150 million tons. Measured and indicated lithium resources in the United States—from continental brines, claystone, geothermal brines, hectorite, oilfield brines, and pegmatites—are 30 million tons. Measured and indicated lithium resources in other countries have been revised to 120 million tons. Resources are distributed as follows: Argentina, 28 million tons; Bolivia, 23 million tons; Chile, 13 million tons; Australia, 10 million tons; China, 10 million tons; Germany, 8.9 million tons; Canada, 8.1 million tons; Congo (Kinshasa), 3 million tons; Mexico, 1.7 million tons; Brazil, 1.4 million tons; Czechia, 1.3 million tons; Mali, 1.2 million tons; Serbia, 1.2 million tons; France, 1 million tons; Peru, 1 million tons; Russia, 1 million tons; Zimbabwe, 860,000 tons; Spain, 320,000 tons; Portugal, 260,000 tons; Namibia, 230,000 tons; Ghana, 200,000 tons; United Kingdom, 61,000 tons; Austria, 60,000 tons; Finland, 55,000 tons; and Kazakhstan, 45,000 tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitution for lithium compounds is possible in batteries, ceramics, greases, and manufactured glass. Examples are calcium, magnesium, mercury, and zinc as anode material in primary batteries; calcium and aluminum soaps as substitutes for stearates in greases; and sodic and potassic fluxes in ceramics and glass manufacture.",
      "recycling_summary": "Construction of lithium battery recycling plants continued throughout 2025. Automobile companies and battery recyclers partnered to supply the automobile industry with a source of battery materials.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2640.0,
            "2022": 3260.0,
            "2023": 3390.0,
            "2024": 3020.0,
            "2025e": 3800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2640",
            "2022": "3260",
            "2023": "3390",
            "2024": "3020",
            "2025e": "3800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1870.0,
            "2022": 2440.0,
            "2023": 1960.0,
            "2024": 1690.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1870",
            "2022": "2440",
            "2023": "1960",
            "2024": "1690",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, annual average-real, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Price, annual average-real, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11700.0,
            "2022": 63700.0,
            "2023": 39000.0,
            "2024": 11800.0,
            "2025e": 9000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11700",
            "2022": "63700",
            "2023": "39000",
            "2024": "11800",
            "2025e": "9000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 70.0,
            "2022": 70.0,
            "2023": 70.0,
            "2024": 70.0,
            "2025e": 70.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "70",
            "2022": "70",
            "2023": "70",
            "2024": "70",
            "2025e": "70"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 25.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">25",
            "2022": ">25",
            "2023": ">50",
            "2024": ">50",
            "2025e": ">50"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, annual average-real, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average-real, battery-grade lithium carbonate, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 11700.0,
            "2022": 63700.0,
            "2023": 39000.0,
            "2024": 11800.0,
            "2025e": 9000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11700",
            "2022": "63700",
            "2023": "39000",
            "2024": "11800",
            "2025e": "9000"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 3800.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 2000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 9000.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 50.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">50",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "share_pct": 54.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Argentina",
          "share_pct": 43.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 3.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 54.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Argentina",
              "share_pct": 43.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": "4400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Argentina",
          "production_prev_year": 13800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 23000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "13800",
          "production_latest_raw": "23000",
          "reserves_raw": "4400000",
          "note": "footnote 5",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 82700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 92000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "82700",
          "production_latest_raw": "92000",
          "reserves_raw": "8400000",
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 10200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 12000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 540000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "10200",
          "production_latest_raw": "12000",
          "reserves_raw": "540000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 4820.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1600000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4820",
          "production_latest_raw": "5600",
          "reserves_raw": "1600000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 48900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 56000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 9200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "48900",
          "production_latest_raw": "56000",
          "reserves_raw": "9200000",
          "note": "footnote 5",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 41400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 62000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4600000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "41400",
          "production_latest_raw": "62000",
          "reserves_raw": "4600000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mali",
          "production_prev_year": 770.0,
          "production_latest_year": 9400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 370000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "770",
          "production_latest_raw": "9400",
          "reserves_raw": "370000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Portugal",
          "production_prev_year": 380.0,
          "production_latest_year": 380.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 60000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "380",
          "production_latest_raw": "380",
          "reserves_raw": "60000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": 20000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 28000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "20000",
          "production_latest_raw": "28000",
          "reserves_raw": "500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "2400000",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 222000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 290000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 37000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "222000",
          "production_latest_raw": "290000",
          "reserves_raw": "37000000",
          "note": "footnote 8",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "Defined as production + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "2": "Lithium carbonate price assessments for spot and long-term contracts. Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Ltd.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "4": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "5": "Reported.",
        "6": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 5.1 million tons.",
        "7": "Other countries with reported reserves include Austria, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Mexico, Namibia, Serbia, and Spain.",
        "8": "Excludes U.S. production."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "magnesium",
      "name": "Magnesium",
      "symbol": "Mg",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-magnesium-metal.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "33466d52d8273b40b198672a9b80b75032cf2d1a660d0f670718954b8fa62177",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Utah had a smelter to recover primary magnesium from brines from the Great Salt Lake in Utah by an electrolytic process but production was reported to have stopped in 2022. Secondary magnesium was recovered from scrap at smelters that produced magnesium ingot and castings and from aluminum alloy scrap at secondary aluminum smelters. In 2025, an estimated 69% of primary magnesium consumption was used in castings, principally for the automotive industry. Aluminum-base alloys that were used for packaging, transportation, and other applications accounted for an estimated 15% of consumption; desulfurization of iron and steel, 9%; and all other uses, 7%. About 58% of secondary magnesium was estimated to be used in aluminum alloys, and about 42% was consumed for structural uses.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In September 2025, the operator of the only U.S. primary magnesium smelter located in Utah filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Production decreased significantly in September 2021 after failures of critical equipment used in the production of magnesium, with only limited production which ceased in 2022. After primary production of magnesium stopped, production was limited to deicing products, dust suppressants, and sodium chloride from stockpiles. MAGNESIUM METAL U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Magnesium prices in the United States decreased in April but remained stable through the end of 2025. Average U.S. import prices started the year at $3.25 per pound and decreased to $3.13 per pound the beginning of April and remained at that price through November. The price decrease was potentially attributable to sufficient inventory and decreased demand for primary magnesium, with secondary magnesium substituting part of that consumption. Based on domestic import data for the year through August, imports of magnesium metal (99.8% purity) decreased by 27% compared with those in the same period in 2024. Conversely, imports of magnesium alloys increased by 37% and imports of waste and scrap increased by 48% compared with those for the same period in 2024. In 2025, magnesium prices in Europe gradually fluctuated throughout the year. Prices in Europe started the year with a range of $2,300 to $2,410 per ton, increased to a range of $2,550 to $2,650 per ton in the third quarter, and decreased to $2,450 to $2,550 at the end of November. The price fluctuations were attributed to closures related to ongoing maintenance and decreased producer inventories in China. The 2025 annual average price range for magnesium in Europe was estimated to be 13% less than that in 2024. A company based in California continued the development of a pilot plant to produce magnesium metal from brines. In February 2024, the U.S. Department of War (DOW) awarded $19.6 million in financing to the company through the Defense Production Act, Title III, program. In July 2025, the company produced a sample of metal that was confirmed by the DOW to have met the purity target for the project on a pilot scale. In December, the company announced plans to construct a commercial phase 1 plant in southwestern Arkansas.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources from which magnesium may be recovered range from large to virtually unlimited and are globally widespread. Resources of dolomite, serpentine, and magnesium-bearing evaporite minerals are enormous. Magnesium-bearing brines are estimated to constitute a resource in the billions of tons, and magnesium could be recovered from seawater along world coastlines.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Aluminum and zinc may substitute for magnesium in castings and wrought products. The relatively light weight of magnesium is an advantage over aluminum and zinc in castings and wrought products in most applications; however, its high cost is a disadvantage relative to these substitutes. For iron and steel desulfurization, calcium carbide may be used instead of magnesium. Magnesium is preferred to calcium carbide for desulfurization of iron and steel because calcium carbide produces acetylene in the presence of water.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, about 26,000 tons of secondary magnesium was recovered from old scrap and 82,000 tons was recovered from new scrap. Aluminum-base alloys accounted for about 53% of the secondary magnesium recovered, and magnesium-based castings, ingot, and other materials accounted for about 47%.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (new and old scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 103.0,
            "2022": 115.0,
            "2023": 108.0,
            "2024": 109.0,
            "2025e": 110.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "103",
            "2022": "115",
            "2023": "108",
            "2024": "109",
            "2025e": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 107.0,
            "2023": 93.0,
            "2024": 70.0,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "50",
            "2022": "107",
            "2023": "93",
            "2024": "70",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10.0,
            "2022": 9.0,
            "2023": 5.0,
            "2024": 5.0,
            "2025e": 3.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10",
            "2022": "9",
            "2023": "5",
            "2024": "5",
            "2025e": "3"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 48.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 53.0,
            "2024": 46.0,
            "2025e": 40.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "48",
            "2022": "50",
            "2023": "53",
            "2024": "46",
            "2025e": "40"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "U.S. spot Western, dollars per pound",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.53,
            "2022": 7.59,
            "2023": 4.98,
            "2024": 3.52,
            "2025e": 3.2
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3.53",
            "2022": "7.59",
            "2023": "4.98",
            "2024": "3.52",
            "2025e": "3.20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "European free market, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, annual average",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5011.0,
            "2022": 5206.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 2850.0,
            "2025e": 2500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5011",
            "2022": "5206",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "2850",
            "2025e": "2500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 400.0,
            "2022": 400.0,
            "2023": 200.0,
            "2024": 200.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "400",
            "2022": "400",
            "2023": "200",
            "2024": "200",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 75.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 75.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">25",
            "2022": ">75",
            "2023": ">75",
            "2024": ">50",
            "2025e": ">75"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "U.S. spot Western, dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average",
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.53,
            "2022": 7.59,
            "2023": 4.98,
            "2024": 3.52,
            "2025e": 3.2
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3.53",
            "2022": "7.59",
            "2023": "4.98",
            "2024": "3.52",
            "2025e": "3.20"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "European free market, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5011.0,
            "2022": 5206.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 2850.0,
            "2025e": 2500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5011",
            "2022": "5206",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "2850",
            "2025e": "2500"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 110.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 82.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 3.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 3.2,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 75.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">75",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 3.5,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Magnesium metal (99.8% purity)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Israel",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Magnesium alloys (magnesium content)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Czechia",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Israel",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Taiwan",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 32.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Sheet, powder, and other (magnesium content)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Taiwan",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 36.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "India",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Combined total (includes magnesium content of alloys, metal, powder, scrap, sheet, and other)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Israel",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Czechia",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Primary Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 64.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 20.0,
          "production_latest_year": 20.0,
          "capacity": 22.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "20",
          "production_latest_raw": "20",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 953.0,
          "production_latest_year": 950.0,
          "capacity": 1480.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "953",
          "production_latest_raw": "950",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 5.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5.0,
          "capacity": 6.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "5",
          "production_latest_raw": "5",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Israel",
          "production_prev_year": 17.0,
          "production_latest_year": 20.0,
          "capacity": 34.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "17",
          "production_latest_raw": "20",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 15.0,
          "production_latest_year": 13.0,
          "capacity": 21.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "15",
          "production_latest_raw": "13",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 59.0,
          "production_latest_year": 60.0,
          "capacity": 81.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "59",
          "production_latest_raw": "60",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 15.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15.0,
          "capacity": 15.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "15",
          "production_latest_raw": "15",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": 42.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1080.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1100.0,
          "capacity": 1800.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1080",
          "production_latest_raw": "1100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "See also the Magnesium Compounds chapter.",
        "2": "Defined as primary production + secondary production from old scrap + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "3": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "4": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "5": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Reported.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "manganese",
      "name": "Manganese",
      "symbol": "Mn",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-manganese.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "05e4fc710af04302a9cfecb2802d926943940c7421c419b5c6501fba0ff34ff5",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, manganese content, cost, insurance, and freight, China, dollars per metric ton unit",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Manganese ore containing 20% or more manganese has not been produced domestically since 1970. Manganese ore was consumed mainly by five companies: three companies produced manganese dioxide for pig iron manufacture, and two companies produced silicomanganese and ferromanganese. Other companies consumed ore for nonmetallurgical purposes, such as in the production of animal feed, brick colorant, dry cell batteries, and fertilizers.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, global production of manganese ore, on a manganese-content basis, increased from that in 2024. The leading countries for manganese ore production were, in descending order on a manganese-content basis, South Africa, Gabon, Ghana, and Australia. Consumption of manganese closely follows the steel industry. The World Steel Association estimated global finished steel consumption was unchanged in 2025 compared with that in 2024. On a manganese-content basis, total U.S. manganese imports were estimated to have decreased by 5% in 2025 compared with those in 2024. In October 2025, the year-to-date average spot market prices for manganese ore, 44% grade, from China had decreased by 22% compared with the annual average spot price in 2024. A manganese mine in northern Australia that suspended its operation in 2024 owing to a tropical cyclone resumed operation in May 2025.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed; those in the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa accounts for an estimated 70% of the world’s manganese resources.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Manganese was recycled incidentally as a constituent of ferrous and nonferrous scrap; however, scrap recovery specifically for manganese was negligible. Manganese is recovered along with iron from steel slag.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, mine",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manganese ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 497.0,
            "2022": 566.0,
            "2023": 245.0,
            "2024": 329.0,
            "2025e": 350.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "497",
            "2022": "566",
            "2023": "245",
            "2024": "329",
            "2025e": "350"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferromanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 329.0,
            "2022": 330.0,
            "2023": 320.0,
            "2024": 305.0,
            "2025e": 350.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "329",
            "2022": "330",
            "2023": "320",
            "2024": "305",
            "2025e": "350"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicomanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 313.0,
            "2022": 420.0,
            "2023": 257.0,
            "2024": 344.0,
            "2025e": 310.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "313",
            "2022": "420",
            "2023": "257",
            "2024": "344",
            "2025e": "310"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manganese ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 2.0,
            "2024": 3.0,
            "2025e": 2.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "2",
            "2024": "3",
            "2025e": "2"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferromanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9.0,
            "2022": 3.0,
            "2023": 2.0,
            "2024": 2.0,
            "2025e": 3.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9",
            "2022": "3",
            "2023": "2",
            "2024": "2",
            "2025e": "3"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicomanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.0,
            "2022": 3.0,
            "2023": 4.0,
            "2024": 6.0,
            "2025e": 10.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5",
            "2022": "3",
            "2023": "4",
            "2024": "6",
            "2025e": "10"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manganese ore",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferromanganese and manganese metal, electrolytic",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 21.0,
            "2022": 14.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "21",
            "2022": "14",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manganese ore",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 399.0,
            "2022": 357.0,
            "2023": 321.0,
            "2024": 403.0,
            "2025e": 410.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "399",
            "2022": "357",
            "2023": "321",
            "2024": "403",
            "2025e": "410"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferromanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 335.0,
            "2022": 339.0,
            "2023": 336.0,
            "2024": 330.0,
            "2025e": 350.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "335",
            "2022": "339",
            "2023": "336",
            "2024": "330",
            "2025e": "350"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicomanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 237.0,
            "2022": 234.0,
            "2023": 230.0,
            "2024": 230.0,
            "2025e": 250.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "237",
            "2022": "234",
            "2023": "230",
            "2024": "230",
            "2025e": "250"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, manganese content",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, manganese content",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 717.0,
            "2022": 804.0,
            "2023": 653.0,
            "2024": 670.0,
            "2025e": 640.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "717",
            "2022": "804",
            "2023": "653",
            "2024": "670",
            "2025e": "640"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average, manganese content, cost, insurance, and freight, China, dollars per metric ton unit",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, average, manganese content, cost, insurance, and freight, China, dollars per metric ton unit",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.27,
            "2022": 5.97,
            "2023": 4.8,
            "2024": 5.53,
            "2025e": 4.5
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.27",
            "2022": "5.97",
            "2023": "4.80",
            "2024": "5.53",
            "2025e": "4.50"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Manganese ore",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Stocks, producer and consumer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 220.0,
            "2022": 312.0,
            "2023": 233.0,
            "2024": 188.0,
            "2025e": 200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "220",
            "2022": "312",
            "2023": "233",
            "2024": "188",
            "2025e": "200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferromanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer and consumer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 40.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 40.0,
            "2025e": 40.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "40",
            "2022": "50",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "40",
            "2025e": "40"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicomanganese",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer and consumer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 34.0,
            "2022": 26.0,
            "2023": 18.0,
            "2024": 30.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "34",
            "2022": "26",
            "2023": "18",
            "2024": "30",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, manganese content",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, manganese content",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average, manganese content, cost, insurance, and freight, China, dollars per metric ton unit",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, manganese content, cost, insurance, and freight, China, dollars per metric ton unit",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.27,
            "2022": 5.97,
            "2023": 4.8,
            "2024": 5.53,
            "2025e": 4.5
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.27",
            "2022": "5.97",
            "2023": "4.80",
            "2024": "5.53",
            "2025e": "4.50"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 1010.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 15.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 640.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 4.5,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 5.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Manganese ore",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Gabon",
              "share_pct": 64.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 1.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Ferromanganese",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 28.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Silicomanganese",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Georgia",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Manganese contained in principal manganese imports",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Gabon",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 35.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production (manganese content) and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 1600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 580000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1600",
          "production_latest_raw": "1600",
          "reserves_raw": "580000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 705.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "705",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "300000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 690.0,
          "production_latest_year": 700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 260000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "690",
          "production_latest_raw": "700",
          "reserves_raw": "260000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Côte d’Ivoire",
          "production_prev_year": 340.0,
          "production_latest_year": 350.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "340",
          "production_latest_raw": "350",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Gabon",
          "production_prev_year": 4640.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 61000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4640",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": "61000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Ghana",
          "production_prev_year": 1280.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 13000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1280",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "13000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 731.0,
          "production_latest_year": 790.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 34000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "731",
          "production_latest_raw": "790",
          "reserves_raw": "34000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 7490.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 550000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "7490",
          "production_latest_raw": "7600",
          "reserves_raw": "550000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 1240.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1240",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "Small",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 18700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 20000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "18700",
          "production_latest_raw": "20000",
          "reserves_raw": "1800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Manganese content typically ranges from 35% to 54% for manganese ore and from 74% to 95% for ferromanganese.",
        "2": "Defined as change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "3": "Exclusive of ore consumed directly at iron and steel plants and associated yearend stocks.",
        "4": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included. Manganese content based on estimates of average content for all significant components—including ferromanganese, manganese dioxide, manganese ore, manganese waste and scrap, silicomanganese, unwrought manganese metal, and wrought manganese metal.",
        "5": "For average metallurgical-grade ore containing 44% manganese. Source: CRU Group.",
        "6": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "7": "Includes imports of ferromanganese, manganese dioxide, manganese ore, silicomanganese, and unwrought manganese metal.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "Source: World Steel Association, 2025, Short range outlook October 2025: Brussels, Belgium, World Steel Association press release, October 13, 3 p.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 110 million tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "molybdenum",
      "name": "Molybdenum",
      "symbol": "Mo",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-molybdenum.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "497f50f03629ccccbc6b5b7b1c3dea02be0ebb02122c37314fed59d5c77294e1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, molybdenum content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "U.S. molybdic oxide (MoO) price, 57% molybdenum content. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Total estimated U.S. mine production of molybdenum concentrate increased by 18% to 40,000 tons of molybdenum content in 2025 compared with 34,000 tons in 2024. Molybdenum concentrate production at primary molybdenum mines continued at two operations in Colorado, and molybdenum concentrate production from mines where molybdenum was a byproduct continued at seven operations (four in Arizona and one each in Montana, Nevada, and Utah). Three roasting plants converted molybdenum concentrate to molybdic oxide, from which intermediate products, such as ferromolybdenum, metal powder, and various chemicals, were produced. Molybdenum is a refractory metallic element used principally as an alloying agent in cast iron, steel, and superalloys and is also used in numerous chemical applications, including catalysts, lubricants, and pigments.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, the estimated average U.S. molybdic oxide price increased by 7% compared with that in 2024. Estimated U.S. total imports for consumption of molybdenum were 27,000 tons compared with 26,900 tons in 2024. Estimated U.S. total exports increased by 1% compared with those in 2024. Estimated apparent consumption in 2025 increased by 18% compared with that in 2024. Estimated global molybdenum production in 2025 increased by 2% from that in 2024, with China, Chile, the United States, Peru, and Mexico, in descending order of production, accounting for 90% of total global production. Only China and the United States produced molybdenum from both primary molybdenum mines and byproduct copper mines; the other countries relied on byproduct copper production. Rising molybdenum consumption has led many copper producers to upgrade facilities to extract molybdenite from existing deposits, helping offset supply risks from aging mines and declining ore grades. Global molybdenum consumption was expected to remain strong as countries continued to invest in renewable energy infrastructure. A Canadian company remained on schedule to restart its idled molybdenum mine in Idaho during the second half of 2027 and continued its progressive rampup to full capacity production at its molybdenum- processing facility in Pennsylvania. The Government of China imposed export controls on molybdenum powders in February 2025, prompting the United States and other countries to seek alternative sources.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified resources of molybdenum in the United States are about 5.4 million tons and, in the rest of the world, about 20 million tons. Molybdenum occurs as the principal metal sulfide in large low-grade porphyry molybdenum deposits and as an associated metal sulfide in low-grade porphyry copper deposits. Resources of molybdenum are adequate to supply world needs for the foreseeable future.",
      "substitutes_summary": "There is little substitution for molybdenum in its major application in steels and cast irons. In fact, because of the availability and versatility of molybdenum, industry has sought to develop new materials that benefit from its alloying properties. Potential substitutes include boron, chromium, niobium (columbium), and vanadium in alloy steels; tungsten in tool steels; graphite, tantalum, and tungsten for refractory materials in high-temperature electric furnaces; and cadmium-red, chrome-orange, and organic-orange pigments for molybdenum orange.",
      "recycling_summary": "Molybdenum is recycled as a component of catalysts, ferrous scrap, and superalloy scrap. Revert scrap comes from steelmaking remnants, new scrap is generated by steel mill customers and recycled by processors, and old scrap consists of molybdenum-bearing alloys recycled after their service life. The amount of molybdenum recycled as part of new and old steel and other scrap may be as much as 30% of the apparent supply of molybdenum. There are no separate recovery processes for the refining of secondary molybdenum from its alloys, but the molybdenum content of the recycled alloys is significant and reused.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, mine",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 41100.0,
            "2022": 34600.0,
            "2023": 34000.0,
            "2024": 34000.0,
            "2025e": 40000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "41100",
            "2022": "34600",
            "2023": "34000",
            "2024": "34000",
            "2025e": "40000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ore and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption total",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 15500.0,
            "2022": 15700.0,
            "2023": 16200.0,
            "2024": 14700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "15500",
            "2022": "15700",
            "2023": "16200",
            "2024": "14700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption total",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 14700.0,
            "2022": 13100.0,
            "2023": 13500.0,
            "2024": 12200.0,
            "2025e": 9700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "14700",
            "2022": "13100",
            "2023": "13500",
            "2024": "12200",
            "2025e": "9700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ore and concentrates",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 33900.0,
            "2022": 26900.0,
            "2023": 29200.0,
            "2024": 26900.0,
            "2025e": 27000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "33900",
            "2022": "26900",
            "2023": "29200",
            "2024": "26900",
            "2025e": "27000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4150.0,
            "2022": 4860.0,
            "2023": 4230.0,
            "2024": 5890.0,
            "2025e": 6500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4150",
            "2022": "4860",
            "2023": "4230",
            "2024": "5890",
            "2025e": "6500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16100.0,
            "2022": 15800.0,
            "2023": 16000.0,
            "2024": 17000.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16100",
            "2022": "15800",
            "2023": "16000",
            "2024": "17000",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 33100.0,
            "2022": 31500.0,
            "2023": 30700.0,
            "2024": 28500.0,
            "2025e": 34000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "33100",
            "2022": "31500",
            "2023": "30700",
            "2024": "28500",
            "2025e": "34000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.62,
            "2022": 41.72,
            "2023": 54.32,
            "2024": 47.72,
            "2025e": 51.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35.62",
            "2022": "41.72",
            "2023": "54.32",
            "2024": "47.72",
            "2025e": "51"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, consumer materials",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, consumer materials",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2040.0,
            "2022": 2040.0,
            "2023": 1900.0,
            "2024": 1900.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2040",
            "2022": "2040",
            "2023": "1900",
            "2024": "1900",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.62,
            "2022": 41.72,
            "2023": 54.32,
            "2024": 47.72,
            "2025e": 51.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35.62",
            "2022": "41.72",
            "2023": "54.32",
            "2024": "47.72",
            "2025e": "51"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 40000.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 26700.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 33500.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 34000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 51.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "E"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ferromolybdenum",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 74.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 1.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Molybdenum ore and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 69.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 36.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 35.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 34000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3500.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "34000",
          "production_latest_raw": "40000",
          "reserves_raw": "3500",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Armenia",
          "production_prev_year": 8200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "8200",
          "production_latest_raw": "5300",
          "reserves_raw": "150",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 760.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "600",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": "760",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 1540.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 64.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1540",
          "production_latest_raw": "2200",
          "reserves_raw": "64",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 38500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 42000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2600.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "38500",
          "production_latest_raw": "42000",
          "reserves_raw": "2600",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 100000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 97000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7800.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "100000",
          "production_latest_raw": "97000",
          "reserves_raw": "7800",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": 2900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 43.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2900",
          "production_latest_raw": "3300",
          "reserves_raw": "43",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 4080.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4080",
          "production_latest_raw": "4300",
          "reserves_raw": "7",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, North",
          "production_prev_year": 800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 78.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "800",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "78",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 340.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "340",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "8",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 16200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 17000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 130.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "16200",
          "production_latest_raw": "17000",
          "reserves_raw": "130",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mongolia",
          "production_prev_year": 3110.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3110",
          "production_latest_raw": "4200",
          "reserves_raw": "10",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 41900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 39000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "41900",
          "production_latest_raw": "39000",
          "reserves_raw": "1000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 1500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1100.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1500",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "1100",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Uzbekistan",
          "production_prev_year": 2100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2100",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "21",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "150",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 256000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 17000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "256000",
          "production_latest_raw": "260000",
          "reserves_raw": "17000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. — Zero.",
        "1": "Molybdenum content of exports of molybdenum ores and concentrates was estimated based on U.S. Census Bureau unit values.",
        "2": "Reported consumption of primary products.",
        "3": "Defined as production + imports – exports ± adjustments for all industry stock changes.",
        "4": "U.S. molybdic oxide (MoO) price, 57% molybdenum content. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "7": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 260,000 tons. 131"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "nickel",
      "name": "Nickel",
      "symbol": "Ni",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-nickel.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "70aab7644bc8b43fb9eef4d3a3e007186a9be6958dd476e3747a96e3c9d5de3c",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, nickel content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, the underground Eagle Mine in Michigan produced approximately 10,000 tons of nickel in concentrate, which was exported to smelters in Canada and overseas. In the United States, the leading uses for primary nickel were alloys and steels, electroplating, and other uses including catalysts and chemicals. Stainless and alloy steel and nickel-containing alloys typically account for more than 85% of domestic consumption.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Prices continued their downward trend from 2022 highs. In 2025, the annual average LME nickel cash price was estimated to have decreased by 11% compared with that in 2024. According to the International Nickel Study Group, the global primary nickel market balance (the difference between production and consumption) has been in a state of surplus since 2022. The surplus was estimated to be 98,500 tons in 2022, 170,000 tons in 2023, and 182,000 tons in 2024. Through the first 9 months of 2025, the estimated surplus was 189,000 tons, compared with 107,000 tons during the same period in 2024. NICKEL U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Nickel-bearing mine projects were under consideration or development in Alaska, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, and Oregon. In Minnesota, a company continued to progress a feasibility study for the Tamarack nickel-copper-cobalt project. In 2025, the Nikolai and NorthMet projects, located in Alaska and Minnesota, respectively, were designated as Federal Transparency Projects under the Fixing America’s Surface Transport Act and added to the permitting dashboard. Three companies were considering or developing nickel refinery projects in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. In Oklahoma, a company built a pilot-scale nickel refining facility. The last U.S. primary nickel refinery, the Port Nickel facility in Louisiana, ceased operations in 1985. Small amounts of nickel continued to be recovered domestically as a byproduct of copper and platinum-group-metals processing and from recycled materials. Executive Order 14285, issued in April, called for the development of seabed mineral deposits to help secure supplies of critical minerals such as nickel. Following the order, several companies submitted applications to explore regions prospective for nickel-bearing ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic nodules. A 2022 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that global seabed deposits contain approximately 4.5 billion tons of nickel. Estimated global nickel mine production increased by 5% to an estimated 3.9 million tons in 2025. Production in Indonesia increased by an estimated 13% as new operations continued to ramp up production. Canadian production increased after a company completed a mine expansion. In New Caledonia, production increased as a result of more consistent operating conditions after the interruptions in 2024. Production in Australia decreased by an estimated 54% after multiple companies placed mines into care-and-maintenance status owing to low prices. In the Philippines, production declined by an estimated 24% after multiple mines reported production cuts. In the Philippine Province of Palawan, a 50-year ban on new mining permits was announced. The ban did not affect existing operations.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Globally, nickel resources have been estimated to contain more than 350 million tons of nickel, with 54% in laterites and 35% in magmatic sulfide deposits. Hydrothermal systems such as iron-nickel alloy, sedimentary-hosted polymetallic, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, as well as seafloor manganese crusts and nodules contain 10%, and miscellaneous resources such as tailings, 1%.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Low-nickel, duplex, or ultrahigh-chromium stainless steels have been substituted for austenitic grades in construction. Nickel-free specialty steels are sometimes used in place of stainless steel in the power-generating and petrochemical industries. Titanium alloys can substitute for nickel or nickel-base alloys in corrosive environments.",
      "recycling_summary": "Most secondary nickel was in the form of nickel content of stainless-steel scrap. Nickel in alloyed form was recovered from the processing of nickel-containing waste. Most recycled nickel was used to produce new alloys and stainless steel. In 2025, nickel recovered from scrap accounted for approximately 60% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18400.0,
            "2022": 17500.0,
            "2023": 16400.0,
            "2024": 7490.0,
            "2025e": 10000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18400",
            "2022": "17500",
            "2023": "16400",
            "2024": "7490",
            "2025e": "10000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refinery, byproduct",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "20 Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": "12",
          "values": {
            "2021": 108000.0,
            "2022": 127000.0,
            "2023": 112000.0,
            "2024": 105000.0,
            "2025e": 100000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "108000",
            "2022": "127000",
            "2023": "112000",
            "2024": "105000",
            "2025e": "100000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": "12",
          "values": {
            "2021": 34400.0,
            "2022": 37300.0,
            "2023": 39600.0,
            "2024": 40000.0,
            "2025e": 45000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "34400",
            "2022": "37300",
            "2023": "39600",
            "2024": "40000",
            "2025e": "45000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 14900.0,
            "2022": 15200.0,
            "2023": 9100.0,
            "2024": 5630.0,
            "2025e": 11000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "14900",
            "2022": "15200",
            "2023": "9100",
            "2024": "5630",
            "2025e": "11000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11600.0,
            "2022": 11100.0,
            "2023": 12200.0,
            "2024": 15900.0,
            "2025e": 9800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11600",
            "2022": "11100",
            "2023": "12200",
            "2024": "15900",
            "2025e": "9800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29200.0,
            "2022": 44400.0,
            "2023": 57200.0,
            "2024": 46900.0,
            "2025e": 35200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29200",
            "2022": "44400",
            "2023": "57200",
            "2024": "46900",
            "2025e": "35200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 92100.0,
            "2022": 96700.0,
            "2023": 107000.0,
            "2024": 114000.0,
            "2025e": 120000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "92100",
            "2022": "96700",
            "2023": "107000",
            "2024": "114000",
            "2025e": "120000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, secondary, purchased scrap",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 156000.0,
            "2022": 153000.0,
            "2023": 140000.0,
            "2024": 121000.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "156000",
            "2022": "153000",
            "2023": "140000",
            "2024": "121000",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent, primary",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 97500.0,
            "2022": 117000.0,
            "2023": 98500.0,
            "2024": 90300.0,
            "2025e": 90000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "97500",
            "2022": "117000",
            "2023": "98500",
            "2024": "90300",
            "2025e": "90000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent, total",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 254000.0,
            "2022": 270000.0,
            "2023": 238000.0,
            "2024": 211000.0,
            "2025e": 220000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "254000",
            "2022": "270000",
            "2023": "238000",
            "2024": "211000",
            "2025e": "220000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange",
          "subsection": "(LME), cash",
          "values": {
            "2021": 18476.0,
            "2022": 25815.0,
            "2023": 21495.0,
            "2024": 16812.0,
            "2025e": 15000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18476",
            "2022": "25815",
            "2023": "21495",
            "2024": "16812",
            "2025e": "15000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Dollars per pound",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange",
          "subsection": "(LME), cash",
          "values": {
            "2021": 8.38,
            "2022": 11.71,
            "2023": 9.75,
            "2024": 7.63,
            "2025e": 6.9
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8.38",
            "2022": "11.71",
            "2023": "9.75",
            "2024": "7.63",
            "2025e": "6.90"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumer",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25100.0,
            "2022": 23200.0,
            "2023": 25700.0,
            "2024": 25500.0,
            "2025e": 25000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25100",
            "2022": "23200",
            "2023": "25700",
            "2024": "25500",
            "2025e": "25000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "LME U.S. warehouses",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1296.0,
            "2022": 6.0,
            "2023": 1506.0,
            "2024": 258.0,
            "2025e": 110.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1296",
            "2022": "6",
            "2023": "1506",
            "2024": "258",
            "2025e": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of total apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of total apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 38.0,
            "2022": 43.0,
            "2023": 41.0,
            "2024": 43.0,
            "2025e": 41.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "38",
            "2022": "43",
            "2023": "41",
            "2024": "43",
            "2025e": "41"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange",
          "values": {
            "2021": 18476.0,
            "2022": 25815.0,
            "2023": 21495.0,
            "2024": 16812.0,
            "2025e": 15000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18476",
            "2022": "25815",
            "2023": "21495",
            "2024": "16812",
            "2025e": "15000"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange",
          "values": {
            "2021": 8.38,
            "2022": 11.71,
            "2023": 9.75,
            "2024": 7.63,
            "2025e": 6.9
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8.38",
            "2022": "11.71",
            "2023": "9.75",
            "2024": "7.63",
            "2025e": "6.90"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 10000.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 45000.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 145000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 56000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 90000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 15000.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 41.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "primary_smelting": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Primary nickel",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 44.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Nickel-containing scrap, including nickel content of stainless-steel scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 7490.0,
          "production_latest_year": 10000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 340000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "7490",
          "production_latest_raw": "10000",
          "reserves_raw": "340000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 98000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 45000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 25000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "98000",
          "production_latest_raw": "45000",
          "reserves_raw": "25000000",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 67500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 16000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "67500",
          "production_latest_raw": "70000",
          "reserves_raw": "16000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 125000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 140000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "125000",
          "production_latest_raw": "140000",
          "reserves_raw": "2200000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 115000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 120000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "115000",
          "production_latest_raw": "120000",
          "reserves_raw": "4400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 2310000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2600000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 62000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2310000",
          "production_latest_raw": "2600000",
          "reserves_raw": "62000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "New Caledonia",
          "production_prev_year": 116000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 140000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "116000",
          "production_latest_raw": "140000",
          "reserves_raw": "7100000",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "production_prev_year": 354000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 270000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "354000",
          "production_latest_raw": "270000",
          "reserves_raw": "4800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 205000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "205000",
          "production_latest_raw": "200000",
          "reserves_raw": "8300000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 308000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 290000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 9100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "308000",
          "production_latest_raw": "290000",
          "reserves_raw": ">9,100,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 3710000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3900000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 140000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3710000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3900000",
          "reserves_raw": ">140,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "1": "Less than ½ unit.",
        "2": "Significant revisions were made to secondary scrap estimates following review of updated data.",
        "3": "Defined as primary imports – primary exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes, excluding secondary consumer stocks.",
        "4": "Defined as apparent primary consumption + reported secondary consumption.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for consumer stock changes.",
        "6": "Includes the nickel content of stainless steel and alloy scrap. Excluding scrap, net import reliance would be nearly 100%.",
        "7": "Mizell, K., Hein, J.R., Au, M., Gartman, A., 2022, Manganese nodules and ferromanganese crusts in the global ocean based on regional variations and genetic types of nodules, chap. 3 of Sharma, Rahul, Perspectives on deep-sea mining: Cham, Switzerland, Springer, p. 53–80.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 11 million tons.",
        "10": "Overseas territory of France."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "niobium",
      "name": "Niobium (columbium)",
      "symbol": "Nb",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-niobium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c4b8bcabd89012891f7473fadceac6c7d76bdcf38df4f0cc02950db8387da72d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, niobium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value, ferroniobium, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Significant U.S. niobium mine production has not been reported since 1959. Companies in the United States produced niobium-containing materials from imported niobium concentrates, oxides, and ferroniobium. Niobium was consumed mostly in the form of ferroniobium by the steel industry and as niobium alloys and metal by the aerospace industry. Major end-use distribution of domestic niobium consumption was estimated as follows: steels, about 77%, and superalloys, about 23%. The estimated value of niobium imports was $525 million.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, U.S. niobium apparent consumption (measured in niobium content) was estimated to be 9,900 tons, a 6% decrease from that in 2024. One domestic company developing its niobium, scandium, and titanium project in Nebraska continued to secure financing in 2025. In August, the U.S. Department of War awarded $10 million to the company to support the establishment of a vertically integrated domestic supply chain for scandium alloy production. Although the award was directed toward scandium alloy supply chain development, advancements to the project were also expected to support development of the company’s niobium and titanium operations. Once operational, the site would be the only niobium mine and primary niobium-processing facility in the United States. Brazil continued to be the world’s leading niobium producer, accounting for approximately 93% of global production, followed by Canada with 5%. According to international trade statistics under the Harmonized System code 7202.93 (ferroniobium), Brazil’s total exports in 2024 were 92,000 tons and were 63,200 tons from January through August 2025. Most of Brazil’s exports went to China (49%), followed by the Netherlands (17%), Singapore (9%), and the Republic of Korea and the United States (8% each).",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of niobium are more than adequate to supply projected needs. Most of the world’s identified resources of niobium occur as pyrochlore in carbonatite (igneous rocks that contain more than 50%-by-volume carbonate minerals) deposits and are outside the United States.",
      "substitutes_summary": "The following materials can be substituted for niobium, but a performance loss or higher cost may ensue: ceramic matrix composites, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten in high-temperature (superalloy) applications; molybdenum, tantalum, and titanium as alloying elements in stainless and high-strength steels; and molybdenum and vanadium as alloying elements in high-strength low-alloy steels.",
      "recycling_summary": "Niobium was recycled when niobium-bearing steels and superalloys were recycled; scrap recovery, specifically for niobium content, was negligible. The amount of niobium recycled was not available, but it may have been as much as 20% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, mine",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8230.0,
            "2022": 9110.0,
            "2023": 10100.0,
            "2024": 9820.0,
            "2025e": 10000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8230",
            "2022": "9110",
            "2023": "10100",
            "2024": "9820",
            "2025e": "10000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 992.0,
            "2022": 667.0,
            "2023": 951.0,
            "2024": 485.0,
            "2025e": 420.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "992",
            "2022": "667",
            "2023": "951",
            "2024": "485",
            "2025e": "420"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7240.0,
            "2022": 8440.0,
            "2023": 9100.0,
            "2024": 9340.0,
            "2025e": 9900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7240",
            "2022": "8440",
            "2023": "9100",
            "2024": "9340",
            "2025e": "9900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6110.0,
            "2022": 7230.0,
            "2023": 7110.0,
            "2024": 6600.0,
            "2025e": 6700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6110",
            "2022": "7230",
            "2023": "7110",
            "2024": "6600",
            "2025e": "6700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average unit value, ferroniobium, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, average unit value, ferroniobium, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 21.0,
            "2022": 25.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 26.0,
            "2025e": 26.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "21",
            "2022": "25",
            "2023": "25",
            "2024": "26",
            "2025e": "26"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average unit value, ferroniobium, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value, ferroniobium, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 21.0,
            "2022": 25.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 26.0,
            "2025e": 26.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "21",
            "2022": "25",
            "2023": "25",
            "2024": "26",
            "2025e": "26"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 10000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 420.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 9900.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 26.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 136.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Niobium and tantalum ores and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 62.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mozambique",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Arab Emirates",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Niobium oxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 89.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Estonia",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Ferroniobium and niobium metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 65.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total imports",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 67.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 28.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 210000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "210000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 104000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 104000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 14000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "104000",
          "production_latest_raw": "104000",
          "reserves_raw": "14000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 6900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 640000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "6900",
          "production_latest_raw": "6000",
          "reserves_raw": "640000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 44.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "44",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": "6500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 930.0,
          "production_latest_year": 970.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "930",
          "production_latest_raw": "970",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "300",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": "3000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Rwanda",
          "production_prev_year": 210.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "210",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 160.0,
          "production_latest_year": 120.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "160",
          "production_latest_raw": "120",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 112000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 112000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "112000",
          "production_latest_raw": "112000",
          "reserves_raw": ">21,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Imports and exports include the estimated niobium content of ferroniobium, niobium and tantalum ores and concentrates, niobium oxide, and niobium powders and unwrought metal. Niobium content was estimated assuming the following: 28% niobium oxide (NbO) content in niobium ores and concentrates; 10% NbO content in tantalum ores and concentrates and synthetic concentrates; 100% niobium content in unwrought niobium metal (powders and other); and 65% niobium content in ferroniobium. NbO is 69.904% niobium by weight.",
        "2": "Defined for 2021–22 as change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "3": "Defined for 2021–22 as production + imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "4": "Only includes ferroniobium and nickel niobium.",
        "5": "Unit value is weighted average unit value of gross weight of U.S. ferroniobium trade (imports plus exports).",
        "6": "This category includes niobium-containing material and other material.",
        "7": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "phosphate",
      "name": "Phosphate rock",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-phosphate.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "6aec496668eb9d9e5483a2ce23caa28f94a1201b64b75453965c35879200a4fc",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, marketable phosphate rock, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average value, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, phosphate rock ore was mined by five companies at 10 mines in four States and processed into an estimated 20 million tons of marketable product, valued at $1.9 billion, free on board (f.o.b.) mine. Phosphate rock was produced in Florida, Idaho, North Carolina, and Utah. Marketable product refers to beneficiated phosphate rock with phosphorus pentoxide (PO) content suitable for phosphoric acid or elemental phosphorus production. More than 95% of the phosphate rock mined in the United States was used to manufacture wet-process phosphoric acid and superphosphoric acid, which were used as intermediate feedstocks in the manufacture of granular and liquid ammonium phosphate fertilizers and animal feed supplements. About 25% of the wet-process phosphoric acid produced was exported in the form of upgraded granular diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer, merchant-grade phosphoric acid, and other phosphate fertilizer products. The balance of phosphate rock mined was for the manufacture of elemental phosphorus, which was used to produce phosphorus compounds for industrial applications, primarily glyphosate herbicide.",
      "events_trends_summary": "U.S. apparent consumption of phosphate rock in 2025 was estimated to be 7% lower than that in 2024, owing to a decrease in the production of phosphoric acid. Phosphate rock production has been about 20 million tons over the past several years as producers in Florida contend with decreasing reserves and lower PO content. This has resulted in an increase in imports over the same period. Global production of phosphate rock was estimated to be 5% higher than that in 2024, with China, Morocco, the United States, and Russia, in descending order of production, remaining the leading producers. World consumption of PO contained in fertilizers was estimated to have been 47.8 million tons in 2025 compared with 47.1 million tons in 2024. World consumption of PO in fertilizers was projected to increase to 51.5 million tons by 2029. The leading regions for growth were expected to be Asia and South America. In October 2025, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management approved a new phosphate rock mine in Caribou County, ID. The new mine will replace an existing mine when that mine is depleted within the next decade. Global phosphate production capacity, in terms of POcontent, was projected to increase to 71.7 million tons by 2029 compared with 63.7 million tons in 2025. Capacity expansions to phosphate rock production that were expected to be completed by 2028 were ongoing in Brazil, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, and Russia. Significant new mining projects that were planned to be completed after 2028 were under development in Canada, Congo (Brazzaville), Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal. PHOSPHATE ROCK U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Some world reserves were reported only in terms of ore tonnage and grade. Phosphate rock resources occur principally as sedimentary marine phosphorites. The largest sedimentary deposits are found in northern Africa, the Middle East, China, and the United States. Significant igneous occurrences are found in Brazil, Canada, Finland, Russia, and South Africa. Large phosphate resources have been identified on the continental shelves and on seamounts in the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. World resources of phosphate rock are more than 300 billion tons. There are no imminent shortages of phosphate rock.",
      "substitutes_summary": "There are no substitutes for phosphorus in agriculture.",
      "recycling_summary": "None.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, marketable",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, marketable",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 21600.0,
            "2022": 19800.0,
            "2023": 19600.0,
            "2024": 19400.0,
            "2025e": 20000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "21600",
            "2022": "19800",
            "2023": "19600",
            "2024": "19400",
            "2025e": "20000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Sold or used by producers",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, marketable",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 21900.0,
            "2022": 19800.0,
            "2023": 20000.0,
            "2024": 19100.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "21900",
            "2022": "19800",
            "2023": "20000",
            "2024": "19100",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2460.0,
            "2022": 2500.0,
            "2023": 2590.0,
            "2024": 3390.0,
            "2025e": 3400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2460",
            "2022": "2500",
            "2023": "2590",
            "2024": "3390",
            "2025e": "3400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 24400.0,
            "2022": 22300.0,
            "2023": 22600.0,
            "2024": 22500.0,
            "2025e": 21000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "24400",
            "2022": "22300",
            "2023": "22600",
            "2024": "22500",
            "2025e": "21000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average value, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average value, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 83.0,
            "2022": 99.0,
            "2023": 101.0,
            "2024": 96.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "83",
            "2022": "99",
            "2023": "101",
            "2024": "96",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10700.0,
            "2022": 10600.0,
            "2023": 9550.0,
            "2024": 8740.0,
            "2025e": 8400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10700",
            "2022": "10600",
            "2023": "9550",
            "2024": "8740",
            "2025e": "8400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and beneficiation plant, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and beneficiation plant, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2000.0,
            "2022": 1900.0,
            "2023": 2000.0,
            "2024": 2000.0,
            "2025e": 1900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2000",
            "2022": "1900",
            "2023": "2000",
            "2024": "2000",
            "2025e": "1900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.0,
            "2022": 12.0,
            "2023": 16.0,
            "2024": 18.0,
            "2025e": 16.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11",
            "2022": "12",
            "2023": "16",
            "2024": "18",
            "2025e": "16"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average value, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, average value, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 83.0,
            "2022": 99.0,
            "2023": 101.0,
            "2024": 96.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "83",
            "2022": "99",
            "2023": "101",
            "2024": "96",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 3400.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 21000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 100.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 16.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "share_pct": 99.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 99.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 19400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 20000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "19400",
          "production_latest_raw": "20000",
          "reserves_raw": "1000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Algeria",
          "production_prev_year": 2000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2000",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "2200000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 2500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2500",
          "production_latest_raw": "2500",
          "reserves_raw": "800000",
          "note": "footnote 5",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 5300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1600000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5300",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": "1600000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 105000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 110000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "105000",
          "production_latest_raw": "110000",
          "reserves_raw": "3400000",
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Egypt",
          "production_prev_year": 5300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5300",
          "production_latest_raw": "5500",
          "reserves_raw": "2800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Finland",
          "production_prev_year": 974.0,
          "production_latest_year": 980.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "974",
          "production_latest_raw": "980",
          "reserves_raw": "1000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 1700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 31000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1700",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "31000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Israel",
          "production_prev_year": 2380.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 60000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2380",
          "production_latest_raw": "2400",
          "reserves_raw": "60000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Jordan",
          "production_prev_year": 11500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 12000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 820000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "11500",
          "production_latest_raw": "12000",
          "reserves_raw": "820000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 1700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 260000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1700",
          "production_latest_raw": "1900",
          "reserves_raw": "260000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 365.0,
          "production_latest_year": 450.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 30000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "365",
          "production_latest_raw": "450",
          "reserves_raw": "30000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Morocco",
          "production_prev_year": 35300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 36000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 50000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "35300",
          "production_latest_raw": "36000",
          "reserves_raw": "50000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 4800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 210000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4800",
          "production_latest_raw": "4800",
          "reserves_raw": "210000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 14400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 14000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "14400",
          "production_latest_raw": "14000",
          "reserves_raw": "2400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "production_prev_year": 10000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 10000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "10000",
          "production_latest_raw": "10000",
          "reserves_raw": "1000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Senegal",
          "production_prev_year": 2800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 50000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2800",
          "production_latest_raw": "2800",
          "reserves_raw": "50000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 2220.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2220",
          "production_latest_raw": "2200",
          "reserves_raw": "1500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Syria",
          "production_prev_year": 800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 250000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "800",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "250000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Togo",
          "production_prev_year": 1560.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 30000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1560",
          "production_latest_raw": "1600",
          "reserves_raw": "30000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tunisia",
          "production_prev_year": 3280.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3280",
          "production_latest_raw": "3300",
          "reserves_raw": "2500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": 1220.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 71000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1220",
          "production_latest_raw": "1200",
          "reserves_raw": "71000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Uzbekistan",
          "production_prev_year": 950.0,
          "production_latest_year": 950.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 100000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "950",
          "production_latest_raw": "950",
          "reserves_raw": "100000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 30000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "30000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 769.0,
          "production_latest_year": 770.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "769",
          "production_latest_raw": "770",
          "reserves_raw": "800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 239000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 250000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 73000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "239000",
          "production_latest_raw": "250000",
          "reserves_raw": "73000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated.",
        "1": "Defined as phosphate rock sold or used by producers + imports. U.S. producers stopped exporting phosphate rock in 2003.",
        "2": "Marketable phosphate rock, weighted value, all grades.",
        "3": "Defined as imports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "4": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "5": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 120 million tons.",
        "6": "Production data for large mines only, as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics of China."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "name": "Platinum-group metals (grouped)",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 371257.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 62040.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1100.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 57.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 0.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Palladium",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 37.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 36.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Platinum",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 49.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Italy",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 10200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 590000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "10200",
          "production_latest_raw": "6200",
          "reserves_raw": "590000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 6200.0,
            "Platinum": 1800.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 17000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 16000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 310000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "17000",
          "production_latest_raw": "16000",
          "reserves_raw": "310000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 16000.0,
            "Platinum": 5000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 89000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 84000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 11000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "89000",
          "production_latest_raw": "84000",
          "reserves_raw": "11000000",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 84000.0,
            "Platinum": 20000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 82600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 63000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "82600",
          "production_latest_raw": "70000",
          "reserves_raw": "63000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 70000.0,
            "Platinum": 120000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": 15200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "15200",
          "production_latest_raw": "15000",
          "reserves_raw": "1300000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 15000.0,
            "Platinum": 18000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 2870.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2870",
          "production_latest_raw": "2900",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 2900.0,
            "Platinum": 3900.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 217000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 190000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 76000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "217000",
          "production_latest_raw": "190000",
          "reserves_raw": ">76,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Palladium": 190000.0,
            "Platinum": 170000.0
          }
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "potash",
      "name": "Potash",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-potash.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "c2e6605e30ef764f50d400f609e6424da7e46f5d8751f6bf8b62ab58d5ad809b",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in thousand metric tons, potassium oxide (KO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton of KO",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, the estimated sales value of marketable potash, free on board (f.o.b.) mine, was $550 million, which was 13% higher than that in 2024. The majority of U.S. production was from southeastern New Mexico, where two companies operated two underground mines and one deep-well solution mine. Sylvinite and langbeinite ores in New Mexico were beneficiated by flotation, dissolution-recrystallization, heavy-media separation, solar evaporation, and (or) combinations of these processes. In Utah, two companies operated three facilities. One company extracted underground sylvinite ore by deep-well solution mining. Solar evaporation crystallized the sylvinite ore from the brine solution, and a flotation process separated the muriate of potash (MOP) from byproduct sodium chloride. The firm also processed subsurface brines by solar evaporation and flotation to produce MOP at its other facility. Another company processed brine from the Great Salt Lake by solar evaporation to produce potassium sulfate or sulfate of potash (SOP) and other byproducts. Potash denotes a variety of mined and manufactured salts that contain the element potassium in water-soluble form. In agriculture, the term potash refers to potassic fertilizers, which are potassium chloride (KCl), SOP, and potassium magnesium sulfate (SOPM) or langbeinite. MOP is an agriculturally acceptable mix of KCl (95% pure or greater) and sodium chloride for fertilizer use. The fertilizer industry used about 85% of U.S. potash sales, and the remainder was used for chemical and industrial applications. More than 60% of the potash produced was SOPM and SOP, which are required to fertilize certain chloride-sensitive crops. The remainder of production was MOP and was used for agricultural and chemical applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, domestic production, sales, and exports were estimated to have increased compared with those in 2024. Apparent consumption and imports were both lower than those in 2024. World consumption of potash in fertilizer was estimated to be 41.6 million tons of KO, compared with 40.6 million tons in 2024. Asia and South America were the regions with the highest growth in consumption. World consumption was projected to increase to 45.3 million tons in 2029. POTASH U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 In January 2025, a Michigan-based company received a conditional commitment from the U.S. Department of Energy for a $1.26 billion loan to help finance the development of a new potash and salt mine in Osceola County, MI. The company is required to meet certain environmental, financial, legal, and technical conditions within 1 year before the loan can be approved. The new mine was planned to have an initial annual production capacity of 800,000 tons of MOP and 1 million tons of salt. World annual potash production capacity was 66.1 million tons of KO in 2025 and projected to increase to 77.4 million tons of KO by 2029. Most of the increase would be MOP from new mines and expansion projects in Laos and Russia. New MOP mines in Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Morocco, and Spain were planned to begin operation beyond 2029. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Estimated domestic potash resources total about 7 billion tons. Most of these lie at depths between 1,800 and 3,100 meters in a 3,110-square-kilometer area of Montana and North Dakota as an extension of the Williston Basin deposits in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. The Paradox Basin in Utah contains resources of about 2 billion tons, mostly at depths of more than 1,200 meters. The Holbrook Basin of Arizona contains resources of about 0.7 billion to 2.5 billion tons. A large potash resource lies about 2,100 meters under central Michigan and contains more than 75 million tons. Estimated world resources total about 250 billion tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "No substitutes exist for potassium as an essential plant nutrient and as an essential nutritional requirement for animals and humans. Manure and glauconite (greensand) are low-potassium-content materials that can be profitably transported only short distances to crop fields. Glauconite is used as a potassium source for organic farming.",
      "recycling_summary": "None.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, marketable",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production, marketable",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 480.0,
            "2022": 430.0,
            "2023": 390.0,
            "2024": 410.0,
            "2025e": 500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "480",
            "2022": "430",
            "2023": "390",
            "2024": "410",
            "2025e": "500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Sales by producers, marketable",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production, marketable",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 490.0,
            "2022": 400.0,
            "2023": 400.0,
            "2024": 420.0,
            "2025e": 460.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "490",
            "2022": "400",
            "2023": "400",
            "2024": "420",
            "2025e": "460"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6480.0,
            "2022": 4940.0,
            "2023": 5620.0,
            "2024": 5970.0,
            "2025e": 5600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6480",
            "2022": "4940",
            "2023": "5620",
            "2024": "5970",
            "2025e": "5600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 112.0,
            "2022": 267.0,
            "2023": 157.0,
            "2024": 150.0,
            "2025e": 170.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "112",
            "2022": "267",
            "2023": "157",
            "2024": "150",
            "2025e": "170"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6900.0,
            "2022": 5100.0,
            "2023": 5900.0,
            "2024": 6200.0,
            "2025e": 5900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6900",
            "2022": "5100",
            "2023": "5900",
            "2024": "6200",
            "2025e": "5900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "All products",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, average, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton of KO",
          "subsection": "equivalent",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1120.0,
            "2022": 1790.0,
            "2023": 1250.0,
            "2024": 1150.0,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1120",
            "2022": "1790",
            "2023": "1250",
            "2024": "1150",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "MOP",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton of KO",
          "subsection": "equivalent",
          "values": {
            "2021": 650.0,
            "2022": 980.0,
            "2023": 620.0,
            "2024": 690.0,
            "2025e": 600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "650",
            "2022": "980",
            "2023": "620",
            "2024": "690",
            "2025e": "600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 900.0,
            "2022": 900.0,
            "2023": 900.0,
            "2024": 900.0,
            "2025e": 900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "900",
            "2022": "900",
            "2023": "900",
            "2024": "900",
            "2025e": "900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 92.0,
            "2023": 93.0,
            "2024": 94.0,
            "2025e": 92.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "92",
            "2023": "93",
            "2024": "94",
            "2025e": "92"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "All products",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton of KO",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1120.0,
            "2022": 1790.0,
            "2023": 1250.0,
            "2024": 1150.0,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1120",
            "2022": "1790",
            "2023": "1250",
            "2024": "1150",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "MOP",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, f.o.b. mine, dollars per metric ton of KO",
          "values": {
            "2021": 650.0,
            "2022": 980.0,
            "2023": 620.0,
            "2024": 690.0,
            "2025e": 600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "650",
            "2022": "980",
            "2023": "620",
            "2024": "690",
            "2025e": "600"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 5600.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 170.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 5900.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1200.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 92.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 79.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "share_pct": 12.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Israel",
          "share_pct": 3.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 6.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 79.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Israel",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 410.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 970000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "410",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "970000",
          "note": "footnote 1",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Belarus",
          "production_prev_year": 5000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5000",
          "production_latest_raw": "6000",
          "reserves_raw": "3300000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 331.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "331",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": "10000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 14400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "14400",
          "production_latest_raw": "15000",
          "reserves_raw": "4500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 564.0,
          "production_latest_year": 600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "564",
          "production_latest_raw": "600",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 6300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "6300",
          "production_latest_raw": "6300",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 2500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2500",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Israel",
          "production_prev_year": 2260.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2260",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Jordan",
          "production_prev_year": 1730.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1730",
          "production_latest_raw": "1800",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 6",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Laos",
          "production_prev_year": 2400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2400",
          "production_latest_raw": "2400",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 10000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 10000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "10000",
          "production_latest_raw": "10000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Spain",
          "production_prev_year": 489.0,
          "production_latest_year": 450.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "489",
          "production_latest_raw": "450",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 350.0,
          "production_latest_year": 350.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "350",
          "production_latest_raw": "350",
          "reserves_raw": "1500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 46700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 49000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "46700",
          "production_latest_raw": "49000",
          "reserves_raw": ">10,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available.",
        "1": "Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Defined as sales + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Includes MOP, SOP, and SOPM. Does not include other chemical compounds that contain potassium.",
        "4": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "5": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "6": "Israel and Jordan recover potash from the Dead Sea, which contains nearly 2 billion tons of potassium chloride."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "rare-earths",
      "name": "Rare Earths (grouped)",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mineral concentrates",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 42400.0,
            "2022": 42500.0,
            "2023": 41600.0,
            "2024": 45500.0,
            "2025e": 51000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "42400",
            "2022": "42500",
            "2023": "41600",
            "2024": "45500",
            "2025e": "51000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Compounds and metals",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 120.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 800.0,
            "2024": 4300.0,
            "2025e": 8900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "120",
            "2022": "95",
            "2023": "800",
            "2024": "4300",
            "2025e": "8900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Compounds",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7730.0,
            "2022": 10800.0,
            "2023": 8970.0,
            "2024": 8120.0,
            "2025e": 21000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7730",
            "2022": "10800",
            "2023": "8970",
            "2024": "8120",
            "2025e": "21000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrocerium, alloys",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": "Metals",
          "values": {
            "2021": 330.0,
            "2022": 395.0,
            "2023": 259.0,
            "2024": 238.0,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "330",
            "2022": "395",
            "2023": "259",
            "2024": "238",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rare-earth metals and alloys",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": "Metals",
          "values": {
            "2021": 579.0,
            "2022": 487.0,
            "2023": 476.0,
            "2024": 96.0,
            "2025e": 350.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "579",
            "2022": "487",
            "2023": "476",
            "2024": "96",
            "2025e": "350"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and compounds",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 45700.0,
            "2022": 45900.0,
            "2023": 20700.0,
            "2024": 37500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "45700",
            "2022": "45900",
            "2023": "20700",
            "2024": "37500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrocerium, alloys",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": "Metals",
          "values": {
            "2021": 825.0,
            "2022": 1520.0,
            "2023": 817.0,
            "2024": 902.0,
            "2025e": 890.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "825",
            "2022": "1520",
            "2023": "817",
            "2024": "902",
            "2025e": "890"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rare-earth metals and alloys",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": "Metals",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.0,
            "2022": 24.0,
            "2023": 63.0,
            "2024": 347.0,
            "2025e": 430.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20",
            "2022": "24",
            "2023": "63",
            "2024": "347",
            "2025e": "430"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, compounds and metals",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, compounds and metals",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7900.0,
            "2022": 10200.0,
            "2023": 8600.0,
            "2024": 9010.0,
            "2025e": 27000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7900",
            "2022": "10200",
            "2023": "8600",
            "2024": "9010",
            "2025e": "27000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Lanthanum oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.51,
            "2022": 1.39,
            "2023": 0.96,
            "2024": 0.97,
            "2025e": 1.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.51",
            "2022": "1.39",
            "2023": "0.96",
            "2024": "0.97",
            "2025e": "1.00"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Cerium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.54,
            "2022": 1.45,
            "2023": 1.03,
            "2024": 1.21,
            "2025e": 1.71
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.54",
            "2022": "1.45",
            "2023": "1.03",
            "2024": "1.21",
            "2025e": "1.71"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.66,
            "2022": 6.52,
            "2023": 5.47,
            "2024": 5.45,
            "2025e": 5.62
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.66",
            "2022": "6.52",
            "2023": "5.47",
            "2024": "5.45",
            "2025e": "5.62"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Praseodymium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 128.0,
            "2023": 76.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "128",
            "2023": "76",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Neodymium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 98.0,
            "2022": 134.0,
            "2023": 78.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 73.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "98",
            "2022": "134",
            "2023": "78",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "73"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 92.0,
            "2022": 124.0,
            "2023": 75.0,
            "2024": 55.0,
            "2025e": 69.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "92",
            "2022": "124",
            "2023": "75",
            "2024": "55",
            "2025e": "69"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.03,
            "2022": 3.34,
            "2023": 2.17,
            "2024": 2.01,
            "2025e": 2.82
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2.03",
            "2022": "3.34",
            "2023": "2.17",
            "2024": "2.01",
            "2025e": "2.82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Europium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 27.0,
            "2025e": 27.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "27",
            "2025e": "27"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Gadolinium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 47.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 47.0,
            "2024": 28.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "47",
            "2022": "75",
            "2023": "47",
            "2024": "28",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and mill, annual average, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine and mill, annual average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 293.0,
            "2022": 350.0,
            "2023": 450.0,
            "2024": 570.0,
            "2025e": 670.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "293",
            "2022": "350",
            "2023": "450",
            "2024": "570",
            "2025e": "670"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Compounds and metals",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 90.0,
            "2024": 53.0,
            "2025e": 67.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">95",
            "2023": ">90",
            "2024": "53",
            "2025e": "67"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Mineral concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Lanthanum oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.51,
            "2022": 1.39,
            "2023": 0.96,
            "2024": 0.97,
            "2025e": 1.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.51",
            "2022": "1.39",
            "2023": "0.96",
            "2024": "0.97",
            "2025e": "1.00"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Cerium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.54,
            "2022": 1.45,
            "2023": 1.03,
            "2024": 1.21,
            "2025e": 1.71
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.54",
            "2022": "1.45",
            "2023": "1.03",
            "2024": "1.21",
            "2025e": "1.71"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5.66,
            "2022": 6.52,
            "2023": 5.47,
            "2024": 5.45,
            "2025e": 5.62
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5.66",
            "2022": "6.52",
            "2023": "5.47",
            "2024": "5.45",
            "2025e": "5.62"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Praseodymium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 128.0,
            "2023": 76.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "128",
            "2023": "76",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Neodymium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 98.0,
            "2022": 134.0,
            "2023": 78.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 73.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "98",
            "2022": "134",
            "2023": "78",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "73"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 92.0,
            "2022": 124.0,
            "2023": 75.0,
            "2024": 55.0,
            "2025e": 69.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "92",
            "2022": "124",
            "2023": "75",
            "2024": "55",
            "2025e": "69"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.03,
            "2022": 3.34,
            "2023": 2.17,
            "2024": 2.01,
            "2025e": 2.82
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2.03",
            "2022": "3.34",
            "2023": "2.17",
            "2024": "2.01",
            "2025e": "2.82"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Europium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 27.0,
            "2025e": 27.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "27",
            "2025e": "27"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Gadolinium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 47.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 47.0,
            "2024": 28.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "47",
            "2022": "75",
            "2023": "47",
            "2024": "28",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 51000.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 8900.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 22450.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 15320.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 27000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 67.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "price": "see Price section",
        "net_import_reliance_basis": "compounds and metals"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 1100.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Rare-earth compounds and metals",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 71.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Estonia",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 45500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 51000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1900000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "45500",
          "production_latest_raw": "51000",
          "reserves_raw": "1900000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 29000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 29000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "29000",
          "production_latest_raw": "29000",
          "reserves_raw": "6300000",
          "note": "footnote 13",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 560.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "560",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "21000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Burma",
          "production_prev_year": 27000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 22000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "27000",
          "production_latest_raw": "22000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 12",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 830000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "830000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 270000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 270000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 44000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "270000",
          "production_latest_raw": "270000",
          "reserves_raw": "44000000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Greenland",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "1500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 2900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2900",
          "production_latest_raw": "2900",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 14",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 1400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1400",
          "production_latest_raw": "2700",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 12",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "production_prev_year": 140.0,
          "production_latest_year": 110.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 710000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "140",
          "production_latest_raw": "110",
          "reserves_raw": "710000",
          "note": "footnote 12",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "production_prev_year": 1500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1500",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 2600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3800000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2600",
          "production_latest_raw": "2600",
          "reserves_raw": "3800000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 860000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "860000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Tanzania",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 890000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "890000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Thailand",
          "production_prev_year": 2100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2100",
          "production_latest_raw": "4800",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 12",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 150.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "300",
          "production_latest_raw": "150",
          "reserves_raw": "3500000",
          "note": "footnote 12",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other",
          "production_prev_year": 1000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 550.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1000",
          "production_latest_raw": "550",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 380000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 390000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 85000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "380000",
          "production_latest_raw": "390000",
          "reserves_raw": ">85,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "rhenium",
      "name": "Rhenium",
      "symbol": "Re",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rhenium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c2bd5ce5e85c6337bef1e2e8224032b6f32ec6146abbd302b42c83a6a4e79945",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in kilograms, rhenium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average value, gross weight, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Average price per kilogram of rhenium in pellets (99.9% rhenium content) or catalytic-grade ammonium perrhenate (69.4% rhenium content). Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "During 2025, rhenium-containing products including ammonium perrhenate (APR), metal powder, and perrhenic acid were produced as byproducts from roasting molybdenum concentrates from porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits in Arizona and Montana. Total estimated U.S. primary production increased by 5% to 9,800 kilograms in 2025 compared with 9,310 kilograms in 2024. The United States continued to be a leading producer of secondary rhenium, recovering rhenium from nickel-base superalloy scrap, spent oil-refining catalysts, and foundry revert. The major uses of rhenium were in superalloys used in high-temperature turbine engine components and in petroleum-reforming catalysts, representing an estimated 80% and 15%, respectively, of end uses. Bimetallic platinum-rhenium catalysts were used in petroleum reforming to produce high-octane hydrocarbons, which are used in the production of lead-free gasoline. Rhenium improves the high-temperature (>1,000 degrees Celsius) strength properties of some nickel-base superalloys. Rhenium alloys were used in crucibles, electrical contacts, electromagnets, electron tubes and targets, heating elements, ionization gauges, mass spectrographs, metallic coatings, semiconductors, temperature controls, thermocouples, vacuum tubes, and other applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, the estimated price for catalytic-grade APR averaged $2,300 per kilogram, 78% more than the annual average price in 2024. The estimated rhenium metal pellet price averaged $2,600 per kilogram in 2025, a 90% increase from the annual average price in 2024. During 2025, the United States continued to rely on imports for much of its supply of rhenium. Canada, Chile, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Poland supplied most of the imported rhenium. Estimated imports of APR increased by 5% in 2025 compared with those in 2024. Estimated imports of unwrought rhenium and rhenium powders increased by 83% in 2025 compared with those in 2024. Estimated apparent consumption in 2025 increased by 34% compared with that in 2024. Estimated world rhenium production in 2025 increased by 1% to 81,000 kilograms compared with 79,800 kilograms in 2024. The United States and Germany remained the leading producers of secondary rhenium, with additional production in Canada, Estonia, France, Japan, Poland, and Russia. Available data were insufficient to estimate U.S. output. RHENIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Industry sources estimated global secondary production to be between 20,000 and 25,000 kilograms in 2025, excluding rhenium recovered from spent catalysts, which was retained in a closed-loop system and reused to manufacture new catalysts. Several molybdenum-rhenium medical devices were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, highlighting the growing importance of medical implants as an end use for rhenium alongside aerospace and petroleum- reforming catalysts. As rhenium prices increased, recycling of rhenium-bearing superalloys was expected to become more financially attractive. However, industry sources indicated that recyclers would require prices to remain consistently above $3,000 per kilogram to offset high processing costs. In response, some companies increased investment in hydrometallurgical technologies to improve recovery from superalloy scrap. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Most rhenium occurs with molybdenum in porphyry copper deposits. Identified U.S. resources are estimated to be about 7 million kilograms. Rhenium also is associated with copper minerals in sedimentary deposits in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Uzbekistan, where ore is processed for copper recovery and the rhenium-bearing residues are recovered at copper smelters.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes for rhenium in platinum-rhenium catalysts are continually being evaluated; one such application using iridium and tin has achieved commercial success. Other metals being evaluated for catalytic use include gallium, germanium, indium, selenium, silicon, tungsten, and vanadium. The use of these and other metals in bimetallic catalysts might decrease rhenium’s share of the existing catalyst market; however, this would likely be offset by rhenium-bearing catalysts being considered for use in several proposed gas-to-liquid projects. Materials that can substitute for rhenium in various end uses are as follows: cobalt and tungsten for coatings on copper X-ray targets, rhodium and rhodium-iridium for high-temperature thermocouples, tungsten and platinum-ruthenium for coatings on electrical contacts, and tungsten and tantalum for electron emitters.",
      "recycling_summary": "Nickel-base superalloy scrap and scrapped turbine blades and vanes continued to be recycled hydrometallurgically to produce rhenium metal for use in new superalloy melts. The scrapped parts also were processed to generate engine revert—a high-quality, lower cost superalloy meltstock—by an increasing number of companies, mainly in Canada, Estonia, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Russia, and the United States. Rhenium- containing catalysts also were recycled. The rhenium recycled from spent catalysts was either returned to the oil companies or to the catalyst producer for production of new catalysts in what is considered a closed-loop system.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9290.0,
            "2022": 8870.0,
            "2023": 9410.0,
            "2024": 9310.0,
            "2025e": 9800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9290",
            "2022": "8870",
            "2023": "9410",
            "2024": "9310",
            "2025e": "9800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhenium, unwrought and powders",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 15900.0,
            "2022": 11000.0,
            "2023": 10200.0,
            "2024": 12600.0,
            "2025e": 23000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "15900",
            "2022": "11000",
            "2023": "10200",
            "2024": "12600",
            "2025e": "23000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ammonium perrhenate",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6020.0,
            "2022": 8810.0,
            "2023": 4890.0,
            "2024": 7450.0,
            "2025e": 7800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6020",
            "2022": "8810",
            "2023": "4890",
            "2024": "7450",
            "2025e": "7800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 92.0,
            "2023": 689.0,
            "2024": 735.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "92",
            "2023": "689",
            "2024": "735",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 31200.0,
            "2022": 28600.0,
            "2023": 23800.0,
            "2024": 28700.0,
            "2025e": 38000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31200",
            "2022": "28600",
            "2023": "23800",
            "2024": "28700",
            "2025e": "38000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metal, 99.99% pure",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average value, gross weight, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 977.0,
            "2022": 1120.0,
            "2023": 1070.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "977",
            "2022": "1120",
            "2023": "1070",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ammonium perrhenate",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average value, gross weight, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 866.0,
            "2022": 911.0,
            "2023": 920.0,
            "2024": 1290.0,
            "2025e": 2300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "866",
            "2022": "911",
            "2023": "920",
            "2024": "1290",
            "2025e": "2300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Small Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": "Small",
          "values": {
            "2021": 70.0,
            "2022": 69.0,
            "2023": 61.0,
            "2024": 68.0,
            "2025e": 75.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "70",
            "2022": "69",
            "2023": "61",
            "2024": "68",
            "2025e": "75"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Metal, 99.99% pure",
          "unit_note": "Price, average value, gross weight, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 977.0,
            "2022": 1120.0,
            "2023": 1070.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "977",
            "2022": "1120",
            "2023": "1070",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2600"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ammonium perrhenate",
          "unit_note": "Price, average value, gross weight, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 866.0,
            "2022": 911.0,
            "2023": 920.0,
            "2024": 1290.0,
            "2025e": 2300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "866",
            "2022": "911",
            "2023": "920",
            "2024": "1290",
            "2025e": "2300"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 30800.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 2200.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 38000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 2600.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 75.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ammonium perrhenate",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Poland",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Rhenium metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 38.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 28.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Poland",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total imports",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Chile",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Poland",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 9310.0,
          "production_latest_year": 9800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "9310",
          "production_latest_raw": "9800",
          "reserves_raw": "400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Armenia",
          "production_prev_year": 200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 95000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "200",
          "production_latest_raw": "200",
          "reserves_raw": "95000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 29000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 30000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1300000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "29000",
          "production_latest_raw": "30000",
          "reserves_raw": "1300000",
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 20000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 20000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "20000",
          "production_latest_raw": "20000",
          "reserves_raw": "200000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 1500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 190000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1500",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": "190000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": 3000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3000",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Poland",
          "production_prev_year": 9400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 10000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "9400",
          "production_latest_raw": "10000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 310000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "NA",
          "production_latest_raw": "NA",
          "reserves_raw": "310000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Uzbekistan",
          "production_prev_year": 7400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 7000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "7400",
          "production_latest_raw": "7000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 79800.0,
          "production_latest_year": 81000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "79800",
          "production_latest_raw": "81000",
          "reserves_raw": "Large",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Based on 80% recovery of estimated rhenium contained in molybdenum disulfide concentrates. Secondary rhenium production not included.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS) codes: 8112.41.1000, 8112.92.5000 (2021) and 8112.41.5000 and 8112.49.0000 (2022–25). Does not include wrought forms.",
        "3": "The rhenium content of ammonium perrhenate is 69.42%.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Average price per kilogram of rhenium in pellets (99.9% rhenium content) or catalytic-grade ammonium perrhenate (69.4% rhenium content). Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Estimated amount of rhenium recovered in association with copper and molybdenum production. Secondary rhenium production not included.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "Estimated rhenium recovered from roaster residues from Belgium, Chile, Mexico, and Peru."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "rubidium",
      "name": "Rubidium",
      "symbol": "Rb",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rubidium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-06-02",
      "pdf_sha256": "8934a0109d0a7d4b5261fc953cb8ef4243a520ab544aaf27ef23174cf965c681",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, rubidium oxide, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, no rubidium was mined in the United States; however, occurrences of rubidium-bearing minerals are known in Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Maine, South Dakota, and Utah. Rubidium is also associated with some evaporate mineral occurrences in other States. Rubidium is not a major constituent of any mineral. Rubidium concentrate is produced as a byproduct of pollucite (cesium) and lepidolite (lithium) mining and is imported from other countries for processing in the United States. Applications for rubidium and its compounds include biomedical research, electronics, pyrotechnics, and specialty glass. Specialty glasses are the leading market for rubidium; rubidium carbonate may be used to reduce electrical conductivity, which improves stability and durability in fiber-optic telecommunications networks. Biomedical applications may include rubidium salts used in antishock agents and the treatment of epilepsy and thyroid disorder; rubidium-82, a radioactive isotope, may be used as a blood-flow tracer in positron emission tomographic imaging; and rubidium chloride may be used as an antidepressant. Rubidium’s photoemissive properties make it useful for electrical-signal generators in magnetometers, motion-sensor devices, night-vision devices, photoelectric cells (solar panels), photomultiplier tubes, and spectrometers. For industrial uses, rubidium is widely used as a catalyst in ammonia synthesis, hydrogenation, oxidation and polymerization reactions, and sulfuric acid synthesis. Rubidium may be used as an atomic resonance-frequency- reference oscillator for telecommunications network synchronization, playing a vital role in global positioning systems. Rubidium-rich feldspars may be used in ceramic applications for spark plugs and electrical insulators because of their high dielectric constant. Rubidium hydroxide may be used in fireworks to oxidize mixtures of other elements and produce violet hues. The U.S. military frequency standard, the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) timescale, is based on a network of weighted atomic clocks, including six USNO rubidium fountain clocks. Rubidium atoms are used in academic research, including the development of quantum-mechanics-based computing devices, a future application with potential for relatively high consumption of rubidium. Quantum computing, which uses ultracold rubidium atoms in a variety of applications in research, would perform more complex computational tasks than traditional computers by calculating in two quantum states simultaneously. Research suggests that rubidium may be used in chemical storage within hydrogen batteries, ion propulsion engines, magnetohydrodynamic power generation, and thermionic power conversion.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Domestic rubidium occurrences will remain subeconomic unless market conditions change, such as the development of new end uses or increased consumption for existing end uses, which in turn could lead to increased prices. No known human health issues are associated with exposure to naturally occurring rubidium, and its use has minimal environmental impact. During 2025, no rubidium production was reported globally. Known production of rubidium ore from all countries ceased within the past two decades. Mining of rubidium in Namibia ceased in the early 2000s. The Bikita Mine in Zimbabwe was depleted of pollucite ore reserves in 2018. The Sinclair Mine in Australia completed the mining and shipments of all economically recoverable pollucite ore in 2019. Reports indicated that with current processing rates, the world’s commercial stockpiles of rubidium ore may be depleted in the near future without additional future mineral extraction. Refined rubidium compounds were believed to be processed in China and Germany from existing stockpiles. Throughout 2025, multiple projects that could produce rubidium as a byproduct of lepidolite, pollucite, spodumene, or zinnwaldite mining, focused primarily on lithium or cesium extraction, were in the exploration and feasibility stages. One company that was developing a lepidolite mine and processing facility in Namibia brought in an independent administrator owing to the lack of project financing at the end of 2024. Another company was in the process of securing financing to take ownership of the project as of September 2025. Based on historical information, the Namibia project contained a Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC)-compliant measured and indicated mineral resource estimate totaling 23,000 tons of rubidium. In Australia, one company announced that initial testing of a rubidium extraction technology at the Mount Edon project in Western Australia yielded a 97% rubidium recovery rate. The Mount Edon project had an initial JORC-compliant inferred mineral resource estimate totaling 3.6 million tons, which contained an estimated 7,900 tons of rubidium oxide, and planned to secure funding to scale up the pilot plant in 2026 pending additional testing of the extraction technology.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Significant rubidium-bearing pegmatite occurrences have been identified in Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Peru, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zambia. Minor quantities of rubidium are reported in brines in northern Chile and China and in evaporites in the United States (New Mexico and Utah), France, and Germany.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Rubidium and cesium can be used interchangeably in many applications because they have similar physical properties and atomic radii. Cesium, however, is more electropositive than rubidium, making it a preferred material for some applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "None.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": null,
      "world_production_year_latest": null,
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "1": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "scandium",
      "name": "Scandium",
      "symbol": "Sc",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-scandium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b68e156704a9f38a5f52cd30890901c3cdfe585bbcb7720b5e24238f0824d558",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, scandium oxide equivalent, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Domestically, scandium was not commercially mined or recovered in 2025. The United States had small-scale scandium-metal refining capacity in Ames, IA, and Tolleson, AZ; additional capacity was under development in Urbana, IL, and at the Elk Creek project in Nebraska. The principal uses for scandium in 2025 were in aerospace alloys and solid oxide fuel cells used in large-scale power generation and backup power systems for critical infrastructure. Other minor uses for scandium included electronics and alloys for military equipment and sporting goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that global consumption of scandium oxide in 2025 was 60 tons, and that the primary global uses were aerospace alloys, other alloys, and solid oxide fuel cells. In April, China tightened its export controls on rare earth elements, adding specific controls on scandium metal, alloys, oxides, and compounds. In November, the United States stated that China will issue general licenses for rare- earth exports, effectively eliminating the controls introduced in April. As of December 2025, the April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters. In August, a company was awarded $10 million from the U.S. Department of War (DOW) to develop a U.S. mine-to- master alloy supply chain near Elk Creek, NE. In November, another company was awarded $29.9 million from the DOW to develop a U.S. supply of scandium and gallium; part of this award was for the development of a demonstration facility to separate and purify scandium from existing industrial waste. In September, the Defense Logistics Agency announced plans to procure more than 6,000 kilograms of scandium oxide for the National Defense Stockpile from a source in Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, Canada; this procurement would take place over a 5-year period with a minimum commitment of $2 million and a potential total value of as much as $40 million. In October, the Canada Growth Fund committed $18 million to the Sorel-Tracey operation to expand scandium oxide production capacity to 9 tons per year; this commitment was accompanied by an offtake agreement with the Government of Canada. In October, the Australian Government granted a mining license to a company for its Nyngan scandium project in New South Wales, Australia.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of scandium are abundant but rarely occur in high concentrations; as a result, economically recoverable scandium was produced mainly as a byproduct. Scandium resources have been identified in Australia, Canada, China, Finland, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Norway, the Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Ukraine, and the United States.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Titanium and aluminum high-strength alloys as well as carbon-fiber materials may substitute in high- performance scandium-alloy applications. In some applications that rely on scandium’s unique properties, substitution is not possible.",
      "recycling_summary": "None.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Imports, scandium oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, scandium oxide",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 6.0,
            "2023": 6.0,
            "2024": 7.0,
            "2025e": 4.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "6",
            "2023": "6",
            "2024": "7",
            "2025e": "4"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Scandium oxide, powder, 99.99% purity, 5- to 100- kilogram lot size",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 945.0,
            "2022": 850.0,
            "2023": 720.0,
            "2024": 665.0,
            "2025e": 640.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "890–1,000",
            "2022": "820–880",
            "2023": "700–740",
            "2024": "660–670",
            "2025e": "640"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Scandium metal, ingot, 99.999% purity, 1- to 10-kilogram lot size",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5300.0,
            "2022": 5400.0,
            "2023": 5500.0,
            "2024": 5200.0,
            "2025e": 5200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5300",
            "2022": "5400",
            "2023": "5500",
            "2024": "5200",
            "2025e": "5200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Scandium-aluminum alloy, ingot, scandium 2%, 1- to 30- kilogram lot size",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 42.0,
            "2022": 40.0,
            "2023": 37.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "42",
            "2022": "40",
            "2023": "37",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Scandium oxide, powder, 99.99% purity, 5- to 100- kilogram lot size",
          "unit_note": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "values": {
            "2021": 945.0,
            "2022": 850.0,
            "2023": 720.0,
            "2024": 665.0,
            "2025e": 640.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "890–1,000",
            "2022": "820–880",
            "2023": "700–740",
            "2024": "660–670",
            "2025e": "640"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Scandium metal, ingot, 99.999% purity, 1- to 10-kilogram lot size",
          "unit_note": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5300.0,
            "2022": 5400.0,
            "2023": 5500.0,
            "2024": 5200.0,
            "2025e": 5200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5300",
            "2022": "5400",
            "2023": "5500",
            "2024": "5200",
            "2025e": "5200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Scandium-aluminum alloy, ingot, scandium 2%, 1- to 30- kilogram lot size",
          "unit_note": "Price, global, dollars per kilogram, range of average values",
          "values": {
            "2021": 42.0,
            "2022": 40.0,
            "2023": 37.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "42",
            "2022": "40",
            "2023": "37",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 4.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 640.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_pct": 89.0
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "share_pct": 11.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 89.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": null,
      "world_production_year_latest": null,
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available.",
        "1": "See also the Rare Earths chapter. Scandium is one of the 17 rare-earth elements.",
        "2": "Estimated from Trade Mining LLC shipping records.",
        "3": "Ex-works China.",
        "4": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports. Quantitative export data were not available.",
        "6": "Imports reported as Philippine in origin were reassigned to Japan because the finished scandium oxide was refined in Japan from Philippine scandium-oxalate feedstocks. The Philippines did not export finished scandium oxide.",
        "7": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "8": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 12,000 tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "silicon",
      "name": "Silicon",
      "symbol": "Si",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silicon.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "985d56cd7c66234380753f75b75b753aca9d7f2f133483ce80a4699ef8ac2dcd",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, silicon content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week, mean import prices based on monthly averages. Estimated 2025 price is the mean based on monthly average of January through October 2025.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Ferrosilicon and silicon metal were produced at five facilities in 2025, all east of the Mississippi River. Most ferrosilicon was consumed in the ferrous foundry and steel industries, predominantly in the Eastern United States, and was sourced primarily from domestic quartzite (silica). The main consumers of silicon metal were producers of aluminum alloys and the chemical industry, in particular for the manufacture of silicones. Silicon metal may be further processed into ultra-high-purity semiconductor- or solar-grades, commonly referred to as polysilicon. Three companies produced polysilicon in the United States; a fourth facility announced at the end of 2024 that it would cease polysilicon production owing to its unsuccessful attempts to meet the quality standards and volumes required by its customer.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Combined domestic ferrosilicon and silicon metal production in 2025 was withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary information but was estimated to be less than that in 2024. China accounted for almost 80% of total global estimated production of silicon materials in 2025. Global production of silicon materials, on a silicon-content basis, was estimated to have decreased compared with 2024 production. According to industry publications, the January through October 2025 average U.S. price for silicon metal was about 21% less than the SILICON U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 annual average price in 2024, and the average U.S. price for 75%-grade ferrosilicon was about 3% more than the annual average price in 2024. The decrease in the average price of silicon metal in 2025 was attributed to oversupply, weak demand from the aluminum and silicon industries, and the availability of polysilicon stocks. In April 2025, prices of silicon metal from China were the lowest since November 2016. In 2025, total silicon metal imports were estimated to be about 50% more than those in 2024. Uncertainty regarding tariffs and concerns over possible future export restrictions from other countries may have contributed to the increase in silicon metal imports. In April, the U.S. International Trade Commission determined that a United States industry was materially injured by imports of ferrosilicon (subheadings 7202.21 and 7202.29 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States) from Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia and issued countervailing and antidumping duty orders on imports of ferrosilicon from those countries. This followed the U.S. Department of Commerce’s determination that ferrosilicon had been sold at less than fair value and was subsidized by the Governments of Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World and domestic resources for making silicon metal and alloys are abundant and, in most producing countries, adequate to supply world requirements for many decades. The source of the silicon is silica in various natural forms, such as quartzite.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Aluminum, silicon carbide, and silicomanganese can be substituted for ferrosilicon in some applications. Gallium arsenide and germanium are the principal substitutes for silicon in semiconductor and infrared applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Insignificant.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, ferrosilicon and silicon metal",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Production, ferrosilicon and silicon metal",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrosilicon, all grades",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 125.0,
            "2022": 175.0,
            "2023": 154.0,
            "2024": 126.0,
            "2025e": 110.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "125",
            "2022": "175",
            "2023": "154",
            "2024": "126",
            "2025e": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 97.0,
            "2022": 116.0,
            "2023": 79.0,
            "2024": 117.0,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "97",
            "2022": "116",
            "2023": "79",
            "2024": "117",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrosilicon, all grades",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 9.0,
            "2023": 5.0,
            "2024": 4.0,
            "2025e": 2.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7",
            "2022": "9",
            "2023": "5",
            "2024": "4",
            "2025e": "2"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 53.0,
            "2022": 47.0,
            "2023": 42.0,
            "2024": 40.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "53",
            "2022": "47",
            "2023": "42",
            "2024": "40",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, ferrosilicon and silicon metal",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, ferrosilicon and silicon metal",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrosilicon, 50% silicon",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 137.94,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "137.94",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrosilicon, 75% silicon",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 192.28,
            "2022": 312.1,
            "2023": 142.23,
            "2024": 131.96,
            "2025e": 140.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "192.28",
            "2022": "312.10",
            "2023": "142.23",
            "2024": "131.96",
            "2025e": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon metal",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 220.31,
            "2022": 361.86,
            "2023": 179.69,
            "2024": 170.34,
            "2025e": 130.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "220.31",
            "2022": "361.86",
            "2023": "179.69",
            "2024": "170.34",
            "2025e": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, producer, ferrosilicon and silicon metal, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer, ferrosilicon and silicon metal, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.0,
            "2022": 17.0,
            "2023": 15.0,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11",
            "2022": "17",
            "2023": "15",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrosilicon, all grades",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<50",
            "2022": ">50",
            "2023": ">50",
            "2024": "<50",
            "2025e": "<50"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon metal",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<25",
            "2022": "<50",
            "2023": "<50",
            "2024": "<50",
            "2025e": ">50"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<50",
            "2022": "<50",
            "2023": "<50",
            "2024": "<50",
            "2025e": ">50"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Ferrosilicon, 50% silicon",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "values": {
            "2021": 137.94,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "137.94",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ferrosilicon, 75% silicon",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "values": {
            "2021": 192.28,
            "2022": 312.1,
            "2023": 142.23,
            "2024": 131.96,
            "2025e": 140.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "192.28",
            "2022": "312.10",
            "2023": "142.23",
            "2024": "131.96",
            "2025e": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Silicon metal",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound of silicon",
          "values": {
            "2021": 220.31,
            "2022": 361.86,
            "2023": 179.69,
            "2024": 170.34,
            "2025e": 130.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "220.31",
            "2022": "361.86",
            "2023": "179.69",
            "2024": "170.34",
            "2025e": "130"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 290.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 32.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 140.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 50.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "<50",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ferrosilicon",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Silicon metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 38.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 29.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 20.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Malaysia",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 29.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": null,
            "Silicon metal": null
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 0.0,
            "Silicon metal": 47.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Bhutan",
          "production_prev_year": 98.0,
          "production_latest_year": 98.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "98",
          "production_latest_raw": "98",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 98.0,
            "Silicon metal": 0.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 160.0,
          "production_latest_year": 170.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "160",
          "production_latest_raw": "170",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 170.0,
            "Silicon metal": 180.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 23.0,
          "production_latest_year": 23.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "23",
          "production_latest_raw": "23",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 23.0,
            "Silicon metal": 34.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 3100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3100",
          "production_latest_raw": "3500",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 3500.0,
            "Silicon metal": 4000.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "France",
          "production_prev_year": 21.0,
          "production_latest_year": 21.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "21",
          "production_latest_raw": "21",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 21.0,
            "Silicon metal": 68.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 0.0,
            "Silicon metal": 13.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Iceland",
          "production_prev_year": 90.0,
          "production_latest_year": 72.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "90",
          "production_latest_raw": "72",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 72.0,
            "Silicon metal": 16.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 59.0,
          "production_latest_year": 59.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "59",
          "production_latest_raw": "59",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 59.0,
            "Silicon metal": 0.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 120.0,
          "production_latest_year": 120.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "120",
          "production_latest_raw": "120",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 120.0,
            "Silicon metal": 7.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "production_prev_year": 120.0,
          "production_latest_year": 120.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "120",
          "production_latest_raw": "120",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 120.0,
            "Silicon metal": 0.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Norway",
          "production_prev_year": 160.0,
          "production_latest_year": 150.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "160",
          "production_latest_raw": "150",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 150.0,
            "Silicon metal": 130.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 420.0,
          "production_latest_year": 420.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "420",
          "production_latest_raw": "420",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 420.0,
            "Silicon metal": 35.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 36.0,
          "production_latest_year": 35.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "36",
          "production_latest_raw": "35",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 35.0,
            "Silicon metal": 10.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Spain",
          "production_prev_year": 41.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "41",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 40.0,
            "Silicon metal": 4.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 120.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "120",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 40.0,
            "Silicon metal": 46.0
          }
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 4600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "4600",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {
            "Ferrosilicon": 5000.0,
            "Silicon metal": 4600.0
          }
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "Ferrosilicon grades include the two standard grades of ferrosilicon—50% silicon and 75% silicon—plus miscellaneous silicon alloys.",
        "2": "Metallurgical-grade silicon metal.",
        "3": "Defined as production + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "4": "Source: CRU Group, transaction prices based on weekly averages. Average spot prices for ferrosilicon, 50% grade, were discontinued in April 2022.",
        "5": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week, mean import prices based on monthly averages. Estimated 2025 price is the mean based on monthly average of January through October 2025.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "7": "Excludes U.S. production.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "silver",
      "name": "Silver",
      "symbol": "Ag",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "f0dfe407304855a51f7647fc711f6c32081188a86269d011cd45e297aa673855",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, silver content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, bullion, average, dollars per troy ounce",
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard’s industrial bullion quotations. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, U.S. mines produced approximately 1,100 tons of silver with an estimated value of $1.4 billion. Silver was produced at 4 silver mines and as a byproduct or coproduct from 31 domestic base- and precious-metal operations. Silver was produced in 12 States; Alaska continued as the country’s leading silver-producing State, followed by Nevada. There were 24 U.S. refiners that reported production of commercial-grade silver with an estimated total output of 2,100 tons from domestic and foreign ores and concentrates and from new and old scrap. The physical properties of silver include high ductility, electrical conductivity, malleability, and reflectivity. In 2025, the estimated domestic uses for silver were in electrical and electronics, 25%; other industrial uses and photography, 19%; net physical investment (bars), 18%; photovoltaics (PV), 15%; coins and medals, 14%; jewelry and silverware, 6%; and brazing and solder, 3%. Other applications for silver include use in antimicrobial bandages, clothing, pharmaceuticals, and plastics; batteries; bearings; brazing and soldering; catalytic converters in automobiles; electroplating; inks; mirrors; photography; photovoltaic solar cells; water purification; wood treatment; and processing of spent ethylene oxide catalysts. Mercury and silver, the main components of dental amalgam, are biocides, and their use in amalgam inhibits recurrent decay.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The estimated average silver price in 2025 was $38 per troy ounce, 34% higher than the average price in 2024. The price began the year at $29.35 per troy ounce, which was the yearly low. The price increased for 11 months in 2025 and reached a high of $53.60 per troy ounce on November 13. The continued supply deficit was cited as a reason for price increases in 2025. In 2025, global consumption of silver was an estimated 35,700 tons, compared with 36,100 tons in 2024. Coin and bar consumption increased by 7% in 2025, but consumption of silver for industrial use was estimated to be unchanged from that in 2024, owing to slower ethylene oxide capacity growth and a decline in silver loadings in the PV sector, which was expected to offset continued growth in automotive, consumer electronics, and power grid uses. Consumption of silver in jewelry and silverware was estimated to have decreased by 6% and 15%, respectively. SILVER U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 World silver mine production increased slightly in 2025 to an estimated 26,000 tons compared with 25,300 tons in 2024. Domestic silver production was estimated to have increased by 4% in 2025. One company in Idaho produced from higher silver grade ore than that in 2024 and implemented operational improvements and efficiencies. On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494). The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list. As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591). Based on that input, boron, metallurgical coal, phosphate rock, and uranium were also added.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although silver was a principal product at several mines, silver was primarily obtained as a byproduct from lead-zinc, copper, and gold mines, in descending order of silver production. The polymetallic ore deposits from which silver was recovered account for more than two-thirds of U.S. and world resources of silver. Most recent silver discoveries have been associated with gold occurrences; however, copper and lead-zinc occurrences that contain byproduct silver will continue to account for a significant share of reserves and resources in the future.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Digital imaging, film with reduced silver content, silverless black-and-white film, and xerography substitute for traditional photographic applications for silver. Surgical pins and plates may be made with stainless steel, tantalum, and titanium in place of silver. Stainless steel may be substituted for silver flatware. Nonsilver batteries may replace silver batteries in some applications. Aluminum and rhodium may be used to replace silver that was traditionally used in mirrors and other reflecting surfaces. Silver may be used to replace more costly metals in catalytic converters for off-road vehicles.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, approximately 1,000 tons of silver was recovered from new and old scrap, accounting for about 11% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1020.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 1020.0,
            "2024": 1050.0,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1020",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "1020",
            "2024": "1050",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Refinery",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1920.0,
            "2022": 1850.0,
            "2023": 1150.0,
            "2024": 1140.0,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1920",
            "2022": "1850",
            "2023": "1150",
            "2024": "1140",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary (new and old scrap)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": "Refinery",
          "values": {
            "2021": 908.0,
            "2022": 1090.0,
            "2023": 1150.0,
            "2024": 955.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "908",
            "2022": "1090",
            "2023": "1150",
            "2024": "955",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 6160.0,
            "2022": 4490.0,
            "2023": 4950.0,
            "2024": 4430.0,
            "2025e": 7600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "6160",
            "2022": "4490",
            "2023": "4950",
            "2024": "4430",
            "2025e": "7600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 137.0,
            "2022": 276.0,
            "2023": 73.0,
            "2024": 113.0,
            "2025e": 300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "137",
            "2022": "276",
            "2023": "73",
            "2024": "113",
            "2025e": "300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7950.0,
            "2022": 6310.0,
            "2023": 7070.0,
            "2024": 6320.0,
            "2025e": 9400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7950",
            "2022": "6310",
            "2023": "7070",
            "2024": "6320",
            "2025e": "9400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, bullion, average, dollars per troy ounce",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, bullion, average, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.23,
            "2022": 21.88,
            "2023": 23.54,
            "2024": 28.37,
            "2025e": 38.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25.23",
            "2022": "21.88",
            "2023": "23.54",
            "2024": "28.37",
            "2025e": "38"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Industry",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 56.0,
            "2022": 55.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 23.0,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "56",
            "2022": "55",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "23",
            "2025e": "25"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Treasury",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 498.0,
            "2022": 498.0,
            "2023": 498.0,
            "2024": 498.0,
            "2025e": 498.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "498",
            "2022": "498",
            "2023": "498",
            "2024": "498",
            "2025e": "498"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "New York Commodities Exchange—COMEX",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11064.0,
            "2022": 9299.0,
            "2023": 8643.0,
            "2024": 9910.0,
            "2025e": 15000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11064",
            "2022": "9299",
            "2023": "8643",
            "2024": "9910",
            "2025e": "15000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "footnote": "6",
          "section": "Employment, mine and mill, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1265.0,
            "2022": 1304.0,
            "2023": 1422.0,
            "2024": 1485.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1265",
            "2022": "1304",
            "2023": "1422",
            "2024": "1485",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 76.0,
            "2022": 67.0,
            "2023": 69.0,
            "2024": 68.0,
            "2025e": 77.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "76",
            "2022": "67",
            "2023": "69",
            "2024": "68",
            "2025e": "77"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, bullion, average, dollars per troy ounce",
          "unit_note": "Price, bullion, average, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.23,
            "2022": 21.88,
            "2023": 23.54,
            "2024": 28.37,
            "2025e": 38.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25.23",
            "2022": "21.88",
            "2023": "23.54",
            "2024": "28.37",
            "2025e": "38"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 1100.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 1100.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": 1000.0,
      "imports_total_latest": 7600.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 300.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 9400.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 38.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 77.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "share_pct": 47.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 18.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile and Turkey",
          "share_pct": 5.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 25.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Chile and Turkey",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 1050.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 23000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1050",
          "production_latest_raw": "1100",
          "reserves_raw": "23000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Argentina",
          "production_prev_year": 774.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6500.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "774",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "6500",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 1050.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 91000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1050",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": "91000",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 1490.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 22000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1490",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "22000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 366.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4900.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "366",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": "4900",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Chile",
          "production_prev_year": 1200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 33000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1200",
          "production_latest_raw": "1400",
          "reserves_raw": "33000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 3430.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 67000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3430",
          "production_latest_raw": "3400",
          "reserves_raw": "67000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 8000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "700",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "8000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 850.0,
          "production_latest_year": 630.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "850",
          "production_latest_raw": "630",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 5780.0,
          "production_latest_year": 6300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 37000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5780",
          "production_latest_raw": "6300",
          "reserves_raw": "37000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 3510.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 110000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3510",
          "production_latest_raw": "3600",
          "reserves_raw": "110000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Poland",
          "production_prev_year": 1320.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 59000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1320",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "59000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 1280.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 92000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1280",
          "production_latest_raw": "1200",
          "reserves_raw": "92000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sweden",
          "production_prev_year": 432.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "432",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 2110.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 57000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "2110",
          "production_latest_raw": "2100",
          "reserves_raw": "57000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 25300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 26000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 610000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "25300",
          "production_latest_raw": "26000",
          "reserves_raw": "610000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available.",
        "1": "One metric ton (1,000 kilograms) = 32,150.7 troy ounces.",
        "2": "Silver content of base metal ores and concentrates, ash and residues, refined bullion, and dore; excludes coinage and waste and scrap material.",
        "3": "Defined as mine production + secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Does not include investment purchases and sales.",
        "4": "Engelhard’s industrial bullion quotations. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "5": "Source: U.S. Mint. Balance in U.S. Mint only; includes deep storage and working stocks.",
        "6": "Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Only includes mines where silver is the primary product.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes.",
        "8": "Source: Metals Focus, 2025, World silver survey 2025: Silver Institute, prepared by Metals Focus, 88 p. (Accessed November 17, 2025, at https://www.silverinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/World-Silver-Survey-2025.pdf.)",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 22,000 tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "tantalum",
      "name": "Tantalum",
      "symbol": "Ta",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tantalum.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "ddcfdf129bf67c2cced06f8476ec24937ac4f0f995d2ac7354a582f35491c1bf",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, tantalum content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, tantalite, annual average, dollars per kilogram of tantalum oxide (TaO) content",
      "price_footnote_text": "Sources: CRU Group (2021), the Institute for Rare Earths and Metals (2022–24), and Asian Metal (2025).",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Tantalum has not been mined in the United States since 1959. Domestic tantalum resources are low grade; some are mineralogically complex, and most are not commercially recoverable. Companies in the United States produced tantalum alloys, capacitors, carbides, compounds, and tantalum metal from imported tantalum ores and concentrates and tantalum-containing materials. Tantalum metal and alloys were recovered from foreign and domestic scrap. Domestic tantalum consumption was not reported by consumers. The value of tantalum consumed in 2025 was estimated to be $190 million as measured by the value of imports.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, U.S. tantalum apparent consumption (measured in tantalum content) was estimated to be 890 tons, a 58% increase from that in 2024. The estimated U.S. imports for consumption for 2025 increased by 22%, and exports decreased by 17% in 2025 from that in 2024. The value of waste and scrap imports increased by 40%, whereas the value of primary metal decreased by 20% compared with that in 2024. As of November 2025, the average monthly price for tantalum ore was $180 per kilogram of TaO content. TANTALUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 In June, the U.S. Department of State reported that the Governments of Congo (Kinshasa) and Rwanda signed a peace agreement. The accord, mediated by the United States and observed by Qatar, called for ending support to nonstate armed groups, respecting territorial sovereignty, and establishing joint security and oversight mechanisms. If sustained, the agreement was expected to improve stability in eastern Congo (Kinshasa) and strengthen conditions for regional mineral trade, which included tantalum. In September, the U.S. Defense Logistics Agency awarded an $8.6 million delivery order to a company with tantalum processing operations in Boyertown, PA, to supply tantalum ingots for the National Defense Stockpile. The company also was awarded a separate 5-year contract for as much as $100 million to maintain a domestic source of tantalum processed directly from ore for defense and aerospace applications. Tantalum ingots were used to produce high- temperature superalloys and metal powders for high-reliability electronic components.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified world resources of tantalum, most of which are in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and China, are considered adequate to supply projected needs. The United States has about 55,000 tons of tantalum resources in identified deposits, most of which were considered subeconomic at 2025 prices for tantalum.",
      "substitutes_summary": "The following materials can be substituted for tantalum, but performance loss or higher costs may ensue: niobium and tungsten in carbides; aluminum, ceramics, and niobium in electronic capacitors; glass, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, and zirconium in corrosion-resistant applications; and hafnium, iridium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, and tungsten in high-temperature applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Tantalum was recycled mostly from new scrap generated during the manufacture of tantalum-containing electronic components and from tantalum-containing cemented carbide and superalloy scrap. The amount of tantalum recycled was not available, but it may account for as much as 30% of consumption by domestic primary processors.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1330.0,
            "2022": 1720.0,
            "2023": 1110.0,
            "2024": 1070.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1330",
            "2022": "1720",
            "2023": "1110",
            "2024": "1070",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 655.0,
            "2022": 662.0,
            "2023": 672.0,
            "2024": 506.0,
            "2025e": 420.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "655",
            "2022": "662",
            "2023": "672",
            "2024": "506",
            "2025e": "420"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "NA Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": "NA",
          "values": {
            "2021": 663.0,
            "2022": 1060.0,
            "2023": 440.0,
            "2024": 566.0,
            "2025e": 890.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "663",
            "2022": "1060",
            "2023": "440",
            "2024": "566",
            "2025e": "890"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, tantalite, annual average, dollars per kilogram of tantalum oxide (TaO) content",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price, tantalite, annual average, dollars per kilogram of tantalum oxide (TaO) content",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 158.0,
            "2022": 196.0,
            "2023": 170.0,
            "2024": 167.0,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "158",
            "2022": "196",
            "2023": "170",
            "2024": "167",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 100.0,
            "2023": 100.0,
            "2024": 100.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "100",
            "2023": "100",
            "2024": "100",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, tantalite, annual average, dollars per kilogram of tantalum oxide (TaO) content",
          "unit_note": "Price, tantalite, annual average, dollars per kilogram of tantalum oxide (TaO) content",
          "values": {
            "2021": 158.0,
            "2022": 196.0,
            "2023": 170.0,
            "2024": 167.0,
            "2025e": 180.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "158",
            "2022": "196",
            "2023": "170",
            "2024": "167",
            "2025e": "180"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 1300.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 420.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 890.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 180.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 29.26,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Tantalum ores and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 64.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mozambique",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Arab Emirates",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Tantalum metal and powder",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Tantalum waste and scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Indonesia",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 44.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 22.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Indonesia",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 46.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 52.0,
          "production_latest_year": 50.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 120000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "52",
          "production_latest_raw": "50",
          "reserves_raw": "120000",
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 2.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2",
          "production_latest_raw": "2",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 210.0,
          "production_latest_year": 190.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 40000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "210",
          "production_latest_raw": "190",
          "reserves_raw": "40000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Burundi",
          "production_prev_year": 2.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2",
          "production_latest_raw": "2",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 76.0,
          "production_latest_year": 80.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 240000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "76",
          "production_latest_raw": "80",
          "reserves_raw": "240000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 1270.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1270",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Ethiopia",
          "production_prev_year": 40.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "40",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "production_prev_year": 55.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "55",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "production_prev_year": 390.0,
          "production_latest_year": 390.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "390",
          "production_latest_raw": "390",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 29.0,
          "production_latest_year": 30.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "29",
          "production_latest_raw": "30",
          "reserves_raw": "150",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Rwanda",
          "production_prev_year": 374.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "374",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 2500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "2500",
          "production_latest_raw": "2500",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Imports and exports include the estimated tantalum content of synthetic tantalum-niobium concentrates, niobium and tantalum ores and concentrates, tantalum waste and scrap, unwrought tantalum alloys and powder, and other tantalum articles. Synthetic concentrates and niobium ores and concentrates were assumed to contain 50% TaO. Tantalum ores and concentrates were assumed to contain 32% TaO. Niobium ores and concentrates were assumed to contain 28% TaO. TaO is 81.897% tantalum.",
        "2": "Defined aschange in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "3": "Defined for 2021–22 as production + imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "4": "Decrease in apparent consumption is due to a decline in imports for consumption caused by stockpiling in 2022.",
        "5": "Sources: CRU Group (2021), the Institute for Rare Earths and Metals (2022–24), and Asian Metal (2025).",
        "6": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 33,000 tons.",
        "11": "Reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "tellurium",
      "name": "Tellurium",
      "symbol": "Te",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tellurium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "9207db697705244bfdac9812aa81cfefa0e7fe61a9936431136f05dff4f4ee74",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, tellurium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Minimum purity of 99.95%, free on board, U.S. warehouse. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Tellurium is recovered principally as a byproduct of the electrolytic refining of primary copper, where it accumulates in the residues of copper anodes. In 2025, two primary electrolytic copper refineries operated in the United States, one in Texas and one in Utah, and produced copper telluride from tellurium- bearing anode slimes. Tellurium was not refined in the United States; copper telluride from both U.S. facilities was exported for further processing. Downstream companies processed imported tellurium to manufacture high-purity tellurium products, tellurium compounds for specialty applications, and tellurium dioxide. Domestic tellurium production, consumption, and stocks were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Tellurium was used predominantly in the production of cadmium telluride (CdTe) for thin-film solar cells. Another significant application was for the production of bismuth telluride (BiTe), which is used in thermoelectric devices for cooling and energy generation. Metallurgical uses were as an alloying additive in steel to improve machining characteristics, in cast iron to control the depth of chill, in lead alloys to improve resistance to vibration and fatigue, in malleable iron as a carbide stabilizer, and as a minor additive in copper alloys to improve machinability without reducing conductivity. Tellurium also was used in blasting caps, in the chemical industry as an accelerator and vulcanizing agent in the processing of rubber, as a component of catalysts for synthetic fiber production, in photodetectors, as pigments to produce various colors in glass and ceramics, and in thermal-imaging devices. In 2025, estimated end uses for tellurium in global consumption were solar power cells, 70%; thermoelectric devices, 15%; metallurgy, 10%; and other applications, 5%.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The supply of tellurium is directly affected by the supply of materials from which it is a byproduct, primarily copper. Recovery of copper telluride from domestic copper anode slimes was estimated to have decreased in 2025 from that in 2024, reflecting lower output of copper cathodes from primary electrolytic refineries in the United States. In August 2025, the leading U.S. producer of solar modules opened its fifth domestic manufacturing plant. Production at the new facility was expected to begin by yearend 2026 and to ramp up in the first half of 2027. The company, which predominantly manufactured CdTe modules, projected that it would produce as much as 14 gigawatts per year of solar panels in the United States at full capacity. As of February 2025, exporters in China were required to submit documents to the Government that verified the end users and end uses of tellurium shipments to foreign markets. The typical issuance time of an export license was 45 days, and a new license was required for any change in the recipient or intended use. In Europe, these export controls significantly limited the availability of tellurium; consequently, the annual average price for tellurium increased by 84% to an estimated $150 per kilogram in 2025 from $81.54 per kilogram in 2024. Supply restrictions in Europe resulted in increased spot buying in the United States, and the annual average price for tellurium in U.S. warehouses increased by 60% to an estimated $120 per kilogram in 2025 from $74.77 per kilogram in 2024. TELLURIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 China was the leading producer of refined tellurium in 2025 and accounted for 80% of estimated global production (excluding production in multiple countries for which available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output). Tellurium production in China increased significantly over the past 10 years, corresponding with an increase of nearly 75% in the production capacity of electrolytically refined copper. The production capacity of copper anodes, the feedstock material for electrolytic copper refineries, more than doubled over the same time period.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Reserves and resources of tellurium are generally not reported at the mine or country level and cannot be reliably quantified. More than 90% of tellurium has been produced from anode slimes as a byproduct of primary electrolytic copper refining, and the remainder was derived from skimmings at lead refineries and from flue dusts and gases generated during the smelting of bismuth, copper, and lead-zinc ores. Other potential sources of tellurium include bismuth telluride and gold telluride ores.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Several materials can replace tellurium in most of its uses, but usually with losses in efficiency or product characteristics. Amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium diselenide are the two principal competitors with CdTe in thin-film photovoltaic cells. Bismuth selenide and organic polymers can substitute for BiTe in some thermoelectric devices. Bismuth, calcium, lead, phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur can replace tellurium in many free- machining steels. Several of the chemical process reactions catalyzed by tellurium can be carried out with other catalysts or by means of noncatalyzed processes. In rubber compounding, selenium and (or) sulfur can substitute as vulcanization agents. The selenides and sulfides of niobium and tantalum can serve as electrical-conducting solid lubricants in place of tellurides of those metals.",
      "recycling_summary": "Tellurium was recycled from CdTe solar cells in the United States, but the quantity recycled was limited because most of these cells were relatively new and had not reached the end of their useful life.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, copper telluride",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, copper telluride",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 42.0,
            "2022": 37.0,
            "2023": 8.0,
            "2024": 6.0,
            "2025e": 14.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "42",
            "2022": "37",
            "2023": "8",
            "2024": "6",
            "2025e": "14"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 15.0,
            "2024": 3.0,
            "2025e": 3.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "15",
            "2024": "3",
            "2025e": "3"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "United States",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 69.72,
            "2022": 70.34,
            "2023": 79.09,
            "2024": 74.77,
            "2025e": 120.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "69.72",
            "2022": "70.34",
            "2023": "79.09",
            "2024": "74.77",
            "2025e": "120"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Europe",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67.26,
            "2022": 68.1,
            "2023": 76.74,
            "2024": 81.54,
            "2025e": 150.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67.26",
            "2022": "68.10",
            "2023": "76.74",
            "2024": "81.54",
            "2025e": "150"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, producer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": 25.0,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">75",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "<25",
            "2025e": ">25"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "United States",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 69.72,
            "2022": 70.34,
            "2023": 79.09,
            "2024": 74.77,
            "2025e": 120.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "69.72",
            "2022": "70.34",
            "2023": "79.09",
            "2024": "74.77",
            "2025e": "120"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Europe",
          "unit_note": "Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 67.26,
            "2022": 68.1,
            "2023": 76.74,
            "2024": 81.54,
            "2025e": 150.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67.26",
            "2022": "68.10",
            "2023": "76.74",
            "2024": "81.54",
            "2025e": "150"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 14.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 3.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 120.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 25.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">25",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "share_pct": 64.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Philippines",
          "share_pct": 14.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "share_pct": 8.0
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "share_pct": 5.0
        },
        {
          "country": "other",
          "share_pct": 9.0
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": null,
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 64.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Philippines",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Refinery Production and Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States (copper telluride)",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "W",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bulgaria",
          "production_prev_year": 1.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1.0,
          "capacity": 5.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1",
          "production_latest_raw": "1",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 27.0,
          "production_latest_year": 28.0,
          "capacity": 30.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "27",
          "production_latest_raw": "28",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 750.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": 1000.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "750",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 70.0,
          "production_latest_year": 61.0,
          "capacity": 75.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "70",
          "production_latest_raw": "61",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 64.0,
          "production_latest_year": 67.0,
          "capacity": 80.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "64",
          "production_latest_raw": "67",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 5.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5.0,
          "capacity": 10.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "5",
          "production_latest_raw": "5",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sweden (concentrate)",
          "production_prev_year": 46.0,
          "production_latest_year": 48.0,
          "capacity": 50.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "46",
          "production_latest_raw": "48",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Uzbekistan",
          "production_prev_year": 18.0,
          "production_latest_year": 18.0,
          "capacity": 50.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "18",
          "production_latest_raw": "18",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": null,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "NA",
          "production_latest_raw": "NA",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 8",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 981.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": 1300.0,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "981",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "1": "May include exports of copper telluride.",
        "2": "Defined as production (tellurium content of copper telluride) + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "3": "Minimum purity of 99.95%, free on board, U.S. warehouse. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "4": "Minimum purity of 99.99%, in warehouse, Rotterdam. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "Unless otherwise noted, data are for refined tellurium only to the extent possible. Countries that produced tellurium contained in copper ore and concentrate, copper smelter products (such as blister and anodes), copper refinery residues (such as anode slimes), and (or) other tellurium- containing materials but did not recover refined tellurium are excluded.",
        "7": "Reported.",
        "8": "In addition to the countries listed, Australia, Belgium, Chile, Germany, India, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, and the Philippines may have produced refined tellurium, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.",
        "9": "Excludes U.S. production.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "tin",
      "name": "Tin",
      "symbol": "Sn",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tin.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "659ee022301fcd3eda08f4ac22c8f33030c11ed0dca9851306e18c745d29a017",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Tin has not been mined or smelted in the United States since 1993 or 1989, respectively. Twenty-five firms accounted for more than 94% of the primary tin consumed domestically in 2025. The uses for tin in the United States were chemicals, 25%; tinplate, 16%; alloys, 12%; solder, 11%; babbitt, brass and bronze, and tinning, 7%; bar tin, 2%; and other, 27%. In 2025, the estimated customs value of imported refined tin was $970 million, and the estimated value of tin recovered from old scrap domestically was $340 million based on the average S&P Global Platts Metals Week New York dealer price for tin.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The estimated amount of new and old scrap tin recycled domestically in 2025 increased by 3% compared with that in 2024. The estimated annual average New York dealer price for refined tin in 2025 was 1,600 cents per pound, a 13% increase compared with that in 2024. The estimated annual average LME cash price for refined tin in 2025 was 1,500 cents per pound, a 10% increase compared with that in 2024. In March 2025, under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, the United States increased tariffs on imported aluminum products to 25%, aligning with existing 25% tariffs on steel products, and ended all previously existing country-specific exemptions. In June, the tariffs on both aluminum and steel products were raised to 50% for most countries, except for the United Kingdom, which remained at 25%. Steel products affected by these tariffs included varieties of tinplate with Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes 7210.11.0000, 7210.12.0000, and 7212.10.0000. In 2025, a U.S. company with existing tin operations based in Coatesville, PA, advanced plans to establish a vertically integrated tin supply chain. In late 2024, the company was awarded $19 million from the U.S. Department of War under the Defense Production Act, Title III, to support the development of a domestic tin smelting, refining, and recycling facility. In May, the company signed a letter of intent with a Rwandan tin miner to secure feedstock supply, and in September began construction of a $65 million tin metal production and processing facility in Martinsville, VA. The Martinsville facility was expected to be operational by late 2026.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified resources of tin in the United States, primarily in Alaska, were insignificant compared with those in the rest of the world. World resources, principally in western Africa, southeastern Asia, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Indonesia, and Russia, are extensive and, if developed, could sustain recent annual production rates well into the future.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, or tin-free steel substitute for tin in cans and containers. Other materials that substitute for tin are epoxy resins for solder; aluminum alloys, alternative copper-base alloys, and plastics for bronze; plastics for bearing metals that contain tin; and compounds of lead and sodium for some tin chemicals.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 17,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was estimated to have been recycled in 2025. Of this, about 10,000 tons was recovered from old scrap at 1 detinning plant and 31 secondary nonferrous-metal-processing plants, accounting for 22% of apparent consumption.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Old scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, secondary",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9430.0,
            "2022": 9420.0,
            "2023": 9430.0,
            "2024": 8550.0,
            "2025e": 9000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9430",
            "2022": "9420",
            "2023": "9430",
            "2024": "8550",
            "2025e": "9000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "New scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, secondary",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7600.0,
            "2022": 7900.0,
            "2023": 7900.0,
            "2024": 8000.0,
            "2025e": 8000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7600",
            "2022": "7900",
            "2023": "7900",
            "2024": "8000",
            "2025e": "8000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 38100.0,
            "2022": 33200.0,
            "2023": 28200.0,
            "2024": 25400.0,
            "2025e": 32000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "38100",
            "2022": "33200",
            "2023": "28200",
            "2024": "25400",
            "2025e": "32000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Tin alloys, gross weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1110.0,
            "2022": 735.0,
            "2023": 901.0,
            "2024": 731.0,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1110",
            "2022": "735",
            "2023": "901",
            "2024": "731",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Tin waste and scrap, gross weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18600.0,
            "2022": 11600.0,
            "2023": 10700.0,
            "2024": 8210.0,
            "2025e": 8100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18600",
            "2022": "11600",
            "2023": "10700",
            "2024": "8210",
            "2025e": "8100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1290.0,
            "2022": 1310.0,
            "2023": 918.0,
            "2024": 596.0,
            "2025e": 850.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1290",
            "2022": "1310",
            "2023": "918",
            "2024": "596",
            "2025e": "850"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Tin alloys, gross weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 630.0,
            "2022": 531.0,
            "2023": 652.0,
            "2024": 1330.0,
            "2025e": 800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "630",
            "2022": "531",
            "2023": "652",
            "2024": "1330",
            "2025e": "800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Tin waste and scrap, gross weight",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2800.0,
            "2022": 30300.0,
            "2023": 38000.0,
            "2024": 13400.0,
            "2025e": 4500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2800",
            "2022": "30300",
            "2023": "38000",
            "2024": "13400",
            "2025e": "4500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments from Government stockpile, gross weight",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile, gross weight",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 437.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "437",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, refined",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, refined",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 48000.0,
            "2022": 41200.0,
            "2023": 35000.0,
            "2024": 34600.0,
            "2025e": 43000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "48000",
            "2022": "41200",
            "2023": "35000",
            "2024": "34600",
            "2025e": "43000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "New York dealer",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1580.0,
            "2022": 1546.0,
            "2023": 1256.0,
            "2024": 1420.0,
            "2025e": 1600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1580",
            "2022": "1546",
            "2023": "1256",
            "2024": "1420",
            "2025e": "1600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1478.0,
            "2022": 1423.0,
            "2023": 1177.0,
            "2024": 1368.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1478",
            "2022": "1423",
            "2023": "1177",
            "2024": "1368",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, consumer and dealer, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, consumer and dealer, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 9030.0,
            "2022": 9180.0,
            "2023": 10900.0,
            "2024": 9600.0,
            "2025e": 8100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "9030",
            "2022": "9180",
            "2023": "10900",
            "2024": "9600",
            "2025e": "8100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, refined tin",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption, refined tin",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 80.0,
            "2022": 77.0,
            "2023": 73.0,
            "2024": 75.0,
            "2025e": 77.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "80",
            "2022": "77",
            "2023": "73",
            "2024": "75",
            "2025e": "77"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "New York dealer",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1580.0,
            "2022": 1546.0,
            "2023": 1256.0,
            "2024": 1420.0,
            "2025e": 1600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1580",
            "2022": "1546",
            "2023": "1256",
            "2024": "1420",
            "2025e": "1600"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1478.0,
            "2022": 1423.0,
            "2023": 1177.0,
            "2024": 1368.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1478",
            "2022": "1423",
            "2023": "1177",
            "2024": "1368",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 41300.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 6150.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 43000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1600.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 77.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 0.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Refined tin",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Bolivia",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Indonesia",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Waste and scrap",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 91.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 0.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "—",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 11300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 12000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 570000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "11300",
          "production_latest_raw": "12000",
          "reserves_raw": "570000",
          "note": "footnote 7",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 21200.0,
          "production_latest_year": 15000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "21200",
          "production_latest_raw": "15000",
          "reserves_raw": "400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 27600.0,
          "production_latest_year": 28000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 700000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "27600",
          "production_latest_raw": "28000",
          "reserves_raw": "700000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Burma",
          "production_prev_year": 20000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 12000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 700000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "20000",
          "production_latest_raw": "12000",
          "reserves_raw": "700000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 71000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 71000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1200000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "71000",
          "production_latest_raw": "71000",
          "reserves_raw": "1200000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Congo (Kinshasa)",
          "production_prev_year": 26000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 27000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 91000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "26000",
          "production_latest_raw": "27000",
          "reserves_raw": "91000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 55000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 61000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 1400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "55000",
          "production_latest_raw": "61000",
          "reserves_raw": "1400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Laos",
          "production_prev_year": 1860.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1860",
          "production_latest_raw": "1800",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Malaysia",
          "production_prev_year": 5460.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "5460",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Nigeria",
          "production_prev_year": 3100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "3100",
          "production_latest_raw": "3500",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 32300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 33000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 150000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "32300",
          "production_latest_raw": "33000",
          "reserves_raw": "150000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 3260.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 460000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3260",
          "production_latest_raw": "4500",
          "reserves_raw": "460000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Rwanda",
          "production_prev_year": 4100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4600.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "4100",
          "production_latest_raw": "4600",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 11000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 11000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 23000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "11000",
          "production_latest_raw": "11000",
          "reserves_raw": "23000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 1570.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 310000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1570",
          "production_latest_raw": "1700",
          "reserves_raw": "310000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 294000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 290000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 6000000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "294000",
          "production_latest_raw": "290000",
          "reserves_raw": ">6,000,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Defined as change in inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "2": "Defined for 2021–22 as production from old scrap + refined tin imports – refined tin exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "3": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "4": "Defined for 2021–22 as refined imports – refined exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "5": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "7": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 220,000 tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "titanium",
      "name": "Titanium",
      "symbol": "Ti",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c93f5a562e3b32706c4c77312b9fd32bbdb17237feae70228eaeb8fe2c7f1e94",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The United States did not produce titanium sponge metal in 2025. The last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. The facility was in Utah and had an estimated capacity of 500 tons per year of sponge that was further refined for use in electronics. A second sponge facility in Henderson, NV, with an estimated capacity of 12,600 tons per year has been idled since 2020 owing to market conditions. A third facility in Rowley, UT, with an estimated capacity of 10,900 tons per year has remained idle since 2016. Although detailed 2025 consumption data were withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary data, the majority of titanium metal was used in aerospace applications, and the remainder was used in armor, chemical processing, marine hardware, medical implants, power generation, and other applications. The customs value of imported sponge was about $460 million, a 3% increase compared with $447 million in 2024. In 2025, titanium dioxide (TiO) pigment production, by four companies operating five facilities in four States, was valued at an estimated $3 billion. The leading uses of TiO pigment were, in descending order, paints (including lacquers and varnishes), plastics, and paper. Other uses of TiO pigment included catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules.",
      "events_trends_summary": "U.S. producers of titanium ingot and downstream products were reliant on imports of titanium sponge and scrap. U.S. imports of titanium sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025, exceeding the historical high of 40,300 tons imported in 2023. Japan (73%), Kazakhstan (13%), and Saudi Arabia (13%) were the leading import sources for titanium sponge in 2025 through July. With funding support from the U.S. Government, a company in Virginia began commercial production of titanium powder from titanium scrap metal in late 2024. In 2025, the company was scaling up production capacity and aimed to achieve 1,400 tons per year in 2027 with potential for future expansion. U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated to be 32,000 tons in 2025. The United Kingdom (19%), France and Japan (10% each), and Germany, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore (9% each), were the leading import sources for titanium waste and scrap in 2025 through July. Through July 2025, the average duty-paid unit value of scrap imports was about $7.70 per kilogram compared with the annual average price of $8.50 per kilogram in 2024. Domestic production of TiO pigment in 2025 was an estimated 1,000,000 tons. Although heavily reliant on imports of titanium mineral concentrates, the United States was a net exporter of TiO pigments.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of titanium minerals are discussed in the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Few materials possess titanium metal’s strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. In high-strength applications, titanium competes with aluminum, composites, intermetallics, steel, and superalloys. Aluminum, nickel, specialty steels, and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium for applications that require corrosion resistance. Ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, kaolin, and talc compete with TiO as a white pigment.",
      "recycling_summary": "Owing to limited responses from voluntary surveys, consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld. Consumption data for titanium scrap for the steel, superalloy, and other industries were not available.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16000.0,
            "2022": 30900.0,
            "2023": 40300.0,
            "2024": 39800.0,
            "2025e": 44000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16000",
            "2022": "30900",
            "2023": "40300",
            "2024": "39800",
            "2025e": "44000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 117.0,
            "2022": 105.0,
            "2023": 247.0,
            "2024": 70.0,
            "2025e": 63.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "117",
            "2022": "105",
            "2023": "247",
            "2024": "70",
            "2025e": "63"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 15900.0,
            "2022": 30800.0,
            "2023": 40100.0,
            "2024": 39800.0,
            "2025e": 44000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "15900",
            "2022": "30800",
            "2023": "40100",
            "2024": "39800",
            "2025e": "44000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, reported",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.1,
            "2022": 11.1,
            "2023": 12.3,
            "2024": 13.3,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11.10",
            "2022": "11.10",
            "2023": "12.30",
            "2024": "13.30",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, industry, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, industry, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.0,
            "2022": 20.0,
            "2023": 20.0,
            "2024": 10.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20",
            "2022": "20",
            "2023": "20",
            "2024": "10",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 95.0,
            "2024": 95.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">95",
            "2023": ">95",
            "2024": ">95",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1150000.0,
            "2022": 1150000.0,
            "2023": 910000.0,
            "2024": 940000.0,
            "2025e": 1000000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1150000",
            "2022": "1150000",
            "2023": "910000",
            "2024": "940000",
            "2025e": "1000000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 251000.0,
            "2022": 265000.0,
            "2023": 228000.0,
            "2024": 236000.0,
            "2025e": 230000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "251000",
            "2022": "265000",
            "2023": "228000",
            "2024": "236000",
            "2025e": "230000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 494000.0,
            "2022": 378000.0,
            "2023": 288000.0,
            "2024": 358000.0,
            "2025e": 330000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "494000",
            "2022": "378000",
            "2023": "288000",
            "2024": "358000",
            "2025e": "330000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 907000.0,
            "2022": 1040000.0,
            "2023": 850000.0,
            "2024": 818000.0,
            "2025e": 900000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "907000",
            "2022": "1040000",
            "2023": "850000",
            "2024": "818000",
            "2025e": "900000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2920.0,
            "2022": 3450.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 3170.0,
            "2025e": 3200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2920",
            "2022": "3450",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "3170",
            "2025e": "3200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3200.0,
            "2022": 3200.0,
            "2023": 3200.0,
            "2024": 3200.0,
            "2025e": 3000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3200",
            "2022": "3200",
            "2023": "3200",
            "2024": "3200",
            "2025e": "3000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.1,
            "2022": 11.1,
            "2023": 12.3,
            "2024": 13.3,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11.10",
            "2022": "11.10",
            "2023": "12.30",
            "2024": "13.30",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2920.0,
            "2022": 3450.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 3170.0,
            "2025e": 3200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2920",
            "2022": "3450",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "3170",
            "2025e": "3200"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 15000.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Sponge metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 77.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Saudi Arabia",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "TiO pigment",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Sponge Metal Production and Sponge and Pigment Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "W",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 256000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 260000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "256000",
          "production_latest_raw": "260000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "300",
          "production_latest_raw": "300",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": 57000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 53000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "57000",
          "production_latest_raw": "53000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 19000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 16000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "19000",
          "production_latest_raw": "16000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 33000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 25000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "33000",
          "production_latest_raw": "25000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Saudi Arabia",
          "production_prev_year": 14000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 12000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "14000",
          "production_latest_raw": "12000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Ukraine",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "United Kingdom",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 380000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 370000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "380000",
          "production_latest_raw": "370000",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 8",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "See also the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
        "2": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Excludes domestic production of sponge in Utah.",
        "4": "Landed duty-paid value based on U.S. imports for consumption.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Yearend operating capacity.",
        "8": "Excludes U.S. production.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "tungsten",
      "name": "Tungsten",
      "symbol": "W",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-tungsten.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c33271f3529cc546707c05c7d02c34c9cd321772dbcbb3e787c7715dcb889847",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, tungsten content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, concentrate, average in-warehouse Rotterdam, dollars per dry metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Tungsten Analytics.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Tungsten has not been mined commercially in the United States since 2015. There were seven U.S. companies that have the capability to convert tungsten concentrates, ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten oxide, and (or) scrap to tungsten metal powder, tungsten carbide powder, and (or) tungsten chemicals. An estimated 60% of the tungsten consumed in the United States was used in cemented carbide parts for cutting and wear-resistant applications, primarily in the construction, metalworking, mining, and oil- and gas-drilling industries. The remainder was used to make various alloys and specialty steels; electrodes, filaments, wires, and other components for electrical, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications; and chemicals for various applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "China continued to be the world’s leading producer, importer, and consumer of tungsten concentrates. China’s consumption and imports increased significantly in 2025. At the end of 2024, the United States, under section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974, increased tariffs to 50% on several tungsten products from China, and in February 2025 China implemented new export controls on selected tungsten items. As a result, prices rose sharply throughout 2025. Rotterdam prices increased from $266 to $551 per metric ton unit for 65% concentrate and from $331 to $675 per metric ton unit for APT. World mine production increased, especially from the start of production at the Boguty deposit in Kazakhstan. In Canada and the United States, multiple projects received awards under the Defense Production Act, Title III, including projects in Nevada, New Brunswick, and Yukon. In October, a joint venture between Kazakhstan and the United States to develop tungsten resources was announced.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World tungsten resources are geographically widespread. China ranked first in the world in tungsten resources and reserves. Significant tungsten resources have been identified on every continent except Antarctica.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Potential substitutes for cemented tungsten carbides include cemented carbides based on molybdenum carbide, niobium carbide, or titanium carbide; ceramics; ceramic-metallic composites (cermets); and tool steels. Most of these options reduce rather than replace the amount of tungsten used. Potential substitutes for other applications are as follows: molybdenum for certain tungsten mill products; molybdenum steels for tungsten steels, although most molybdenum steels still contain tungsten; lighting based on carbon nanotube filaments, induction technology, and light-emitting diodes for lighting based on tungsten electrodes or filaments; depleted uranium or lead for tungsten or tungsten alloys in applications requiring high density or the ability to shield radiation; and depleted uranium alloys or hardened steel for cemented tungsten carbides or tungsten alloys in armor-piercing projectiles. In some applications, substitution would result in increased cost or a loss in product performance.",
      "recycling_summary": "The estimated quantity of secondary tungsten produced and the amount consumed from secondary sources by processors and end users in 2025 were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Secondary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1640.0,
            "2024": 1550.0,
            "2025e": 1700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1640",
            "2024": "1550",
            "2025e": "1700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other forms",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10500.0,
            "2022": 12200.0,
            "2023": 10000.0,
            "2024": 8730.0,
            "2025e": 10000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10500",
            "2022": "12200",
            "2023": "10000",
            "2024": "8730",
            "2025e": "10000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 441.0,
            "2022": 614.0,
            "2023": 1510.0,
            "2024": 1410.0,
            "2025e": 1400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "441",
            "2022": "614",
            "2023": "1510",
            "2024": "1410",
            "2025e": "1400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other forms",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2970.0,
            "2022": 3680.0,
            "2023": 3180.0,
            "2024": 3480.0,
            "2025e": 3300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2970",
            "2022": "3680",
            "2023": "3180",
            "2024": "3480",
            "2025e": "3300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Concentrate",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1030.0,
            "2022": 689.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1030",
            "2022": "689",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other forms",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported, concentrate",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent, all forms",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, concentrate, average in-warehouse Rotterdam, dollars per dry metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide",
          "footnote": "6",
          "section": "Price, concentrate, average in-warehouse Rotterdam, dollars per dry metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 225.0,
            "2022": 275.0,
            "2023": 258.0,
            "2024": 252.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "225",
            "2022": "275",
            "2023": "258",
            "2024": "252",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, industry, concentrate and other forms, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, industry, concentrate and other forms, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 50.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 50.0,
            "2024": 50.0,
            "2025e": 50.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">50",
            "2022": ">50",
            "2023": ">50",
            "2024": ">50",
            "2025e": ">50"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, concentrate, average in-warehouse Rotterdam, dollars per dry metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide",
          "unit_note": "Price, concentrate, average in-warehouse Rotterdam, dollars per dry metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide",
          "values": {
            "2021": 225.0,
            "2022": 275.0,
            "2023": 258.0,
            "2024": 252.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "225",
            "2022": "275",
            "2023": "258",
            "2024": "252",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 0.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 11700.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 4700.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 380.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 50.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": ">50",
        "secondary_smelting": "W",
        "apparent_consumption": "W"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 2041.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ores, concentrates, and other forms",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 26.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Bolivia",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Vietnam",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 44.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 920.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 570000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "920",
          "production_latest_raw": "1000",
          "reserves_raw": "570000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Austria",
          "production_prev_year": 840.0,
          "production_latest_year": 840.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "840",
          "production_latest_raw": "840",
          "reserves_raw": "10000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 1700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1700",
          "production_latest_raw": "1700",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 67000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 67000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 2500000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "67000",
          "production_latest_raw": "67000",
          "reserves_raw": "2500000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "2400",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, North",
          "production_prev_year": 1900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 29000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1900",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "29000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Portugal",
          "production_prev_year": 650.0,
          "production_latest_year": 700.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 3400.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "650",
          "production_latest_raw": "700",
          "reserves_raw": "3400",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 1500.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 400000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1500",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "400000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Rwanda",
          "production_prev_year": 1300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1300",
          "production_latest_raw": "1300",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Spain",
          "production_prev_year": 700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 66000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "700",
          "production_latest_raw": "800",
          "reserves_raw": "66000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": 3400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 3000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 170000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "3400",
          "production_latest_raw": "3000",
          "reserves_raw": "170000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 1700.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 950000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1700",
          "production_latest_raw": "2400",
          "reserves_raw": "950000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 82000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 85000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4700000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "82000",
          "production_latest_raw": "85000",
          "reserves_raw": ">4,700,000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes ammonium and other tungstates; ferrotungsten; tungsten carbide powders; tungsten metal powders; tungsten oxides, chlorides, and other tungsten compounds; unwrought tungsten; wrought tungsten forms; and tungsten waste and scrap.",
        "2": "Includes ammonium and other tungstates, ferrotungsten, tungsten carbide powders, tungsten metal powders, unwrought tungsten, wrought tungsten forms, and tungsten waste and scrap.",
        "3": "Defined as change in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "4": "Defined for 2021–22 as mine production + secondary production + imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "5": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Tungsten Analytics.",
        "6": "A metric ton unit of tungsten trioxide contains 7.93 kilograms of tungsten.",
        "7": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports − exports ± adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 220,000 tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "vanadium",
      "name": "Vanadium",
      "symbol": "V",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "8ffc21c8a35caeec5ae3b12298b14aa20dbd1cc618b0c9d388ab1f5010c321ef",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, vanadium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, vanadium pentoxide, dollars per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Chinese annual average VOprices (98% VO content). Source: Argus Media, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Vanadium production in Utah from the mining of uraniferous sandstones on the Colorado Plateau ceased in early 2020 and was not restarted in 2025. Secondary vanadium production continued in Arkansas, Delaware, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas, where processed waste materials (petroleum residues, spent catalysts, and utility ash) were used to produce ferrovanadium, vanadium-bearing chemicals or specialty alloys, and vanadium pentoxide. Estimated U.S. apparent consumption of vanadium in 2025 increased by 2% from that in 2024. Metallurgical use, primarily as an alloying agent for iron and steel, accounted for more than 90% of domestic reported vanadium consumption in 2025. Of the other uses for vanadium, the major nonmetallurgical use was in catalysts to produce maleic anhydride and sulfuric acid.",
      "events_trends_summary": "The estimated average Chinese vanadium pentoxide (VO) price (98% VO content) in 2025 was $5.02 per pound compared with $5.44 in 2024. The estimated United States ferrovanadium price (78% to 82% vanadium content) was $14.14 per pound in 2025 compared with $13.05 in 2024. Like most ferroalloys, vanadium is largely dependent on the market characteristics of the steel industry, particularly the Chinese steel sector, which plays a central role in global steel production. In 2025, China continued to be the world’s top vanadium producer, with most of its production originating as a coproduct from vanadiferous titanomagnetite ores processed during steelmaking. Executive Order 14257, effective April 5, 2025, established a 10% baseline reciprocal tariff on most imports, with higher rates for select countries. Executive Order 14323 increased tariffs from 10% to 50%, effective August 6, 2025, on many imports from Brazil, including high-purity vanadium products but not ferrovanadium. A major producer and supplier of vanadium in Brazil sought an exemption after experiencing delays and defaults on its high-purity vanadium contracts, citing the importance of its high-purity vanadium for U.S. aerospace and defense applications. Imports for the year were estimated based on data through July 2025 and may not fully reflect the effects of the tariffs. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) continued to be used in large-scale energy storage systems in 2025, owing to their operational safety, long cycle life, and suitability for medium- to long-duration use. Installations increased worldwide, supported by renewable energy growth and government policies. However, high capital costs and limited availability of high-purity vanadium feedstock remained key challenges. VRFBs also faced competition from a range of alternative battery chemistries being developed for similar grid-scale storage applications.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of vanadium exceed 63 million tons. Vanadium occurs in deposits of phosphate rock, titaniferous magnetite, and uraniferous sandstone and siltstone, in which it constitutes less than 2% of the host rock. Significant quantities are also present in bauxite and carboniferous materials, such as coal, crude oil, oil shale, and tar sands. Because vanadium is typically recovered as a byproduct or coproduct, demonstrated world resources of the element are not fully indicative of available supplies.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Steels containing various combinations of other alloying elements can be substituted for steels containing vanadium. Certain metals, such as manganese, molybdenum, niobium (columbium), titanium, and tungsten, are to some degree interchangeable with vanadium as alloying elements in steel. Platinum and nickel can replace vanadium compounds as catalysts in some chemical processes. Currently, no acceptable substitute for vanadium is available for use in aerospace titanium alloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Recycling of vanadium is mainly associated with reprocessing vanadium catalysts into new catalysts. The range in vanadium content in spent catalysts varies depending on the crude oil feedstock and the uncertainty associated with the quantity of vanadium recycled from spent chemical process catalysts was significant.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production from primary ore and concentrate",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production from primary ore and concentrate",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Production from ash, residues, and spent catalysts",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production from ash, residues, and spent catalysts",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3200.0,
            "2022": 4400.0,
            "2023": 6500.0,
            "2024": 6800.0,
            "2025e": 7500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3200",
            "2022": "4400",
            "2023": "6500",
            "2024": "6800",
            "2025e": "7500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Aluminum-vanadium master alloy",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 104.0,
            "2023": 221.0,
            "2024": 67.0,
            "2025e": 10.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "104",
            "2023": "221",
            "2024": "67",
            "2025e": "10"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ash and residues",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1680.0,
            "2022": 2240.0,
            "2023": 3140.0,
            "2024": 2180.0,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1680",
            "2022": "2240",
            "2023": "3140",
            "2024": "2180",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrovanadium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2170.0,
            "2022": 2650.0,
            "2023": 2330.0,
            "2024": 1820.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2170",
            "2022": "2650",
            "2023": "2330",
            "2024": "1820",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Oxides and hydroxides, other",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 69.0,
            "2022": 222.0,
            "2023": 151.0,
            "2024": 139.0,
            "2025e": 460.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "69",
            "2022": "222",
            "2023": "151",
            "2024": "139",
            "2025e": "460"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium chemicals",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 846.0,
            "2022": 722.0,
            "2023": 430.0,
            "2024": 528.0,
            "2025e": 560.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "846",
            "2022": "722",
            "2023": "430",
            "2024": "528",
            "2025e": "560"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium metal",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 20.0,
            "2024": 9.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "28",
            "2023": "20",
            "2024": "9",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4.0,
            "2022": 492.0,
            "2023": 674.0,
            "2024": 395.0,
            "2025e": 90.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4",
            "2022": "492",
            "2023": "674",
            "2024": "395",
            "2025e": "90"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium pentoxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1710.0,
            "2022": 1980.0,
            "2023": 2320.0,
            "2024": 2360.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1710",
            "2022": "1980",
            "2023": "2320",
            "2024": "2360",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Aluminum-vanadium master alloy",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72.0,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 36.0,
            "2024": 83.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72",
            "2022": "28",
            "2023": "36",
            "2024": "83",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ash and residues",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 930.0,
            "2022": 1130.0,
            "2023": 905.0,
            "2024": 955.0,
            "2025e": 580.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "930",
            "2022": "1130",
            "2023": "905",
            "2024": "955",
            "2025e": "580"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ferrovanadium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 173.0,
            "2022": 154.0,
            "2023": 159.0,
            "2024": 68.0,
            "2025e": 10.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "173",
            "2022": "154",
            "2023": "159",
            "2024": "68",
            "2025e": "10"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Oxides and hydroxides, other",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 235.0,
            "2022": 309.0,
            "2023": 142.0,
            "2024": 404.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "235",
            "2022": "309",
            "2023": "142",
            "2024": "404",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium metal",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 4.0,
            "2022": 8.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 3.0,
            "2025e": 2.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4",
            "2022": "8",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "3",
            "2025e": "2"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81.0,
            "2022": 185.0,
            "2023": 160.0,
            "2024": 17.0,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81",
            "2022": "185",
            "2023": "160",
            "2024": "17",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Vanadium pentoxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 17.0,
            "2022": 143.0,
            "2023": 28.0,
            "2024": 93.0,
            "2025e": 140.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "17",
            "2022": "143",
            "2023": "28",
            "2024": "93",
            "2025e": "140"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Apparent",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8200.0,
            "2022": 10900.0,
            "2023": 14300.0,
            "2024": 12700.0,
            "2025e": 13000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8200",
            "2022": "10900",
            "2023": "14300",
            "2024": "12700",
            "2025e": "13000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Reported",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8030.0,
            "2022": 7510.0,
            "2023": 8000.0,
            "2024": 8500.0,
            "2025e": 9000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8030",
            "2022": "7510",
            "2023": "8000",
            "2024": "8500",
            "2025e": "9000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, average, vanadium pentoxide, dollars per pound",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, vanadium pentoxide, dollars per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 8.17,
            "2022": 9.29,
            "2023": 7.5,
            "2024": 5.44,
            "2025e": 5.02
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8.17",
            "2022": "9.29",
            "2023": "7.50",
            "2024": "5.44",
            "2025e": "5.02"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, yearend",
          "footnote": "7",
          "section": "Stocks, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 271.0,
            "2022": 248.0,
            "2023": 232.0,
            "2024": 230.0,
            "2025e": 240.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "271",
            "2022": "248",
            "2023": "232",
            "2024": "230",
            "2025e": "240"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 61.0,
            "2022": 60.0,
            "2023": 55.0,
            "2024": 46.0,
            "2025e": 41.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "61",
            "2022": "60",
            "2023": "55",
            "2024": "46",
            "2025e": "41"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, average, vanadium pentoxide, dollars per pound",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, vanadium pentoxide, dollars per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 8.17,
            "2022": 9.29,
            "2023": 7.5,
            "2024": 5.44,
            "2025e": 5.02
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "8.17",
            "2022": "9.29",
            "2023": "7.50",
            "2024": "5.44",
            "2025e": "5.02"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 6350.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 1154.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 13000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 5.02,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 41.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ferrovanadium",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 50.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 35.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Latvia",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Vanadium pentoxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 43.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 34.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 50.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "50",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 0.0,
          "production_latest_year": 0.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "—",
          "production_latest_raw": "—",
          "reserves_raw": "10000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": 5190.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 94.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "5190",
          "production_latest_raw": "5300",
          "reserves_raw": "94",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 84000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 82000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5800.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "84000",
          "production_latest_raw": "82000",
          "reserves_raw": "5800",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 21000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 21000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 5000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "21000",
          "production_latest_raw": "21000",
          "reserves_raw": "5000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 8050.0,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 520.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "8050",
          "production_latest_raw": "5000",
          "reserves_raw": "520",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 118000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 110000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 21000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "118000",
          "production_latest_raw": "110000",
          "reserves_raw": "21000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. — Zero.",
        "1": "Reported by the U.S. Census Bureau as kilograms of VO. To convert VOcontent to vanadium content, multiply by 0.56.",
        "2": "Includes estimates for data suppressed by the U.S. Census Bureau in the years 2021 through 2025.",
        "3": "Includes Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes for chloride oxides and hydroxides of vanadium (2827.49.1000), hydrides and nitrides of vanadium (2850.00.2000), vanadates (2841.90.1000), vanadium chlorides (2827.39.1000), and vanadium sulfates (2833.29.3000).",
        "4": "Includes waste and scrap.",
        "5": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "Chinese annual average VOprices (98% VO content). Source: Argus Media, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Includes ferrovanadium, vanadium-aluminum alloy, other vanadium alloys, vanadium metal, vanadium pentoxide, and other specialty chemicals.",
        "8": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "9": "Aluminum-vanadium master alloy consisting of 35% aluminum and 64.5% vanadium and is the main master alloy for the vanadium industry. Unwrought aluminum-vanadium master alloy (Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States code 7601.20.9030) was not included.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 2.3 million tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "zinc",
      "name": "Zinc",
      "symbol": "Zn",
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zinc.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "81f42c706a239392df03b26134cfffbafaaecc81193d7f3b1071f3eb68d40eca",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in thousand metric tons, zinc content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week, North American SHG zinc; based on the LME cash price plus premium.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "The estimated value of zinc mined in 2025 was $2.2 billion. Zinc was mined in five States at six mining operations by five companies. Two smelter facilities, one primary and one secondary, operated by two companies, accounted for most of the commercial-grade zinc metal produced in the United States. Of the total reported zinc consumed, most was used to produce galvanized steel, followed by brass and bronze, zinc-base alloys, and other uses.",
      "events_trends_summary": "U.S. zinc mine production was estimated to have decreased by 12% in 2025 compared with that in 2024, mostly owing to a decrease in production at the Red Dog Mine in Alaska owing to lower ore grades as the operation approached the end of its mine life. Operations at the Middle Tennessee zinc mines have been suspended since November 2023. During the closure, drilling work was conducted to define additional zinc, germanium, and gallium resources. Development advanced for several domestic zinc mine projects, including the restart of the Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho and the opening of the Hermosa project in Arizona. Domestic refined production was estimated to have remained essentially unchanged in 2025 compared with that in 2024, and apparent consumption increased slightly alongside an estimated increase in net imports of refined zinc. Galvanized steel was the leading use of refined zinc in the United States, which was used widely in the automobile and construction end markets. The annual average LME cash price for Special High Grade (SHG) zinc was projected to increase by 3% in 2025 from that in 2024. After decreasing in 2024 and 2023, the annual average North American premium to the LME cash price was projected to increase in 2025 by 6%. According to the International Lead and Zinc Study Group, estimated global refined zinc production in 2025 was forecast to increase slightly to 13.8 million tons mostly owing to the commissioning of a significant amount of refining capacity in China, and estimated metal consumption was forecast to increase slightly to 13.7 million tons, resulting in a production-to-consumption surplus of 85,000 tons.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Identified zinc resources of the world are about 1.9 billion tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Aluminum and plastics substitute for galvanized sheet in automobiles; aluminum alloys, cadmium, paint, and plastic coatings replace zinc coatings in other applications. Aluminum- and magnesium-base alloys are major substitutes for zinc-base diecasting alloys. Many elements are substitutes for zinc in chemical, electronic, and pigment uses.",
      "recycling_summary": "Refined zinc produced in the United States was recovered from secondary materials at both primary and secondary smelters. These secondary materials included galvanizing residues and crude zinc oxide recovered from electric arc furnace dust.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Mine, zinc in concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 704.0,
            "2022": 766.0,
            "2023": 766.0,
            "2024": 759.0,
            "2025e": 670.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "704",
            "2022": "766",
            "2023": "766",
            "2024": "759",
            "2025e": "670"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined zinc",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 220.0,
            "2022": 220.0,
            "2023": 220.0,
            "2024": 220.0,
            "2025e": 220.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "220",
            "2022": "220",
            "2023": "220",
            "2024": "220",
            "2025e": "220"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13.0,
            "2022": 5.0,
            "2023": 18.0,
            "2024": 18.0,
            "2025e": 20.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13",
            "2022": "5",
            "2023": "18",
            "2024": "18",
            "2025e": "20"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined zinc",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 701.0,
            "2022": 762.0,
            "2023": 705.0,
            "2024": 590.0,
            "2025e": 600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "701",
            "2022": "762",
            "2023": "705",
            "2024": "590",
            "2025e": "600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 644.0,
            "2022": 644.0,
            "2023": 641.0,
            "2024": 660.0,
            "2025e": 630.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "644",
            "2022": "644",
            "2023": "641",
            "2024": "660",
            "2025e": "630"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined zinc",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13.0,
            "2022": 8.0,
            "2023": 3.0,
            "2024": 2.0,
            "2025e": 2.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13",
            "2022": "8",
            "2023": "3",
            "2024": "2",
            "2025e": "2"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Shipments from Government stockpile",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, refined zinc",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, refined zinc",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 908.0,
            "2022": 974.0,
            "2023": 921.0,
            "2024": 808.0,
            "2025e": 820.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "908",
            "2022": "974",
            "2023": "921",
            "2024": "808",
            "2025e": "820"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "North American",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 145.8,
            "2022": 190.2,
            "2023": 151.3,
            "2024": 144.2,
            "2025e": 149.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "145.8",
            "2022": "190.2",
            "2023": "151.3",
            "2024": "144.2",
            "2025e": "149"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 136.3,
            "2022": 158.1,
            "2023": 120.1,
            "2024": 126.0,
            "2025e": 130.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "136.3",
            "2022": "158.1",
            "2023": "120.1",
            "2024": "126.0",
            "2025e": "130"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, reported producer and consumer, refined zinc, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, reported producer and consumer, refined zinc, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 114.0,
            "2022": 133.0,
            "2023": 105.0,
            "2024": 110.0,
            "2025e": 110.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "114",
            "2022": "133",
            "2023": "105",
            "2024": "110",
            "2025e": "110"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Mine and mill",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2480.0,
            "2022": 2500.0,
            "2023": 2630.0,
            "2024": 2510.0,
            "2025e": 2600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2480",
            "2022": "2500",
            "2023": "2630",
            "2024": "2510",
            "2025e": "2600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Smelter, primary",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 220.0,
            "2022": 220.0,
            "2023": 340.0,
            "2024": 340.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "220",
            "2022": "220",
            "2023": "340",
            "2024": "340",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Refined zinc",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 76.0,
            "2022": 77.0,
            "2023": 76.0,
            "2024": 73.0,
            "2025e": 73.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "76",
            "2022": "77",
            "2023": "76",
            "2024": "73",
            "2025e": "73"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "North American",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 145.8,
            "2022": 190.2,
            "2023": 151.3,
            "2024": 144.2,
            "2025e": 149.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "145.8",
            "2022": "190.2",
            "2023": "151.3",
            "2024": "144.2",
            "2025e": "149"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "London Metal Exchange (LME), cash",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, cents per pound",
          "values": {
            "2021": 136.3,
            "2022": 158.1,
            "2023": 120.1,
            "2024": 126.0,
            "2025e": 130.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "136.3",
            "2022": "158.1",
            "2023": "120.1",
            "2024": "126.0",
            "2025e": "130"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 670.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 220.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 620.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 632.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 820.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 149.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "E"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": 0.0,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Ores and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 50.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 19.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 18.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Refined metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 57.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Waste and scrap (gross weight)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 64.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 33.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Combined total (includes gross weight of waste and scrap)",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 56.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Peru",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Republic of Korea",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 759.0,
          "production_latest_year": 670.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 9300.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "759",
          "production_latest_raw": "670",
          "reserves_raw": "9300",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 1100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 64000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1100",
          "production_latest_raw": "1100",
          "reserves_raw": "64000",
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Bolivia",
          "production_prev_year": 512.0,
          "production_latest_year": 500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "512",
          "production_latest_raw": "500",
          "reserves_raw": "NA",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 4000.0,
          "production_latest_year": 4100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 60000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "4000",
          "production_latest_raw": "4100",
          "reserves_raw": "60000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": 870.0,
          "production_latest_year": 870.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 10000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "870",
          "production_latest_raw": "870",
          "reserves_raw": "10000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Kazakhstan",
          "production_prev_year": 380.0,
          "production_latest_year": 360.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 7400.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "380",
          "production_latest_raw": "360",
          "reserves_raw": "7400",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mexico",
          "production_prev_year": 773.0,
          "production_latest_year": 780.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 14000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "773",
          "production_latest_raw": "780",
          "reserves_raw": "14000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Peru",
          "production_prev_year": 1270.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1500.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 18000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1270",
          "production_latest_raw": "1500",
          "reserves_raw": "18000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": 310.0,
          "production_latest_year": 430.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 29000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "310",
          "production_latest_raw": "430",
          "reserves_raw": "29000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sweden",
          "production_prev_year": 239.0,
          "production_latest_year": 230.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 4100.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "239",
          "production_latest_raw": "230",
          "reserves_raw": "4100",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 1730.0,
          "production_latest_year": 2000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 25000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "1730",
          "production_latest_raw": "2000",
          "reserves_raw": "25000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 11900.0,
          "production_latest_year": 13000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": 240000.0,
          "production_prev_raw": "11900",
          "production_latest_raw": "13000",
          "reserves_raw": "240000",
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes primary and secondary zinc metal production.",
        "2": "Defined as changes in total inventory from prior yearend inventory. If negative, increase in inventory. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer available.",
        "3": "Defined for 2021–22 as refined production + refined imports – refined exports ± adjustments for Government stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "4": "Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week, North American SHG zinc; based on the LME cash price plus premium.",
        "5": "Includes mine and mill employment at zinc-containing deposits. Excludes office workers. Source: Mine Safety and Health Administration.",
        "6": "Defined for 2021–22 as imports – exports ± adjustments for Government stock changes. Beginning in 2023, Government stock changes no longer included.",
        "7": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "8": "Source: International Lead and Zinc Study Group, 2025, ILZSG session/forecasts: Lisbon, Portugal, International Lead and Zinc Study Group press release, October 13, [4] p.",
        "9": "Zinc content of concentrates and direct shipping ores.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 19 million tons."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "zirconium-and-hafnium",
      "name": "Zirconium and hafnium (grouped)",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "primary",
      "parent_slug": null,
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "6a1196f46b40d676871990f1e4165230f099c7a250b64c0893699ec9943ea1e5",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, one company recovered zircon (zirconium silicate) from surface-mining operations in Florida and Georgia as a coproduct from the mining of heavy-mineral sands, and a second company processed existing mineral sands tailings in California. Zirconium metal and hafnium metal were produced from zirconium chemical intermediates by one producer in Oregon and one in Utah. Zirconium chemicals were produced from domestic and imported materials by the metal producer in Oregon and by at least five other companies. The leading end use for zircon was ceramics. Other primary uses of zircon included foundry sand, refractories, and zirconium chemicals. The leading use of hafnium metal was in superalloys.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Global mine production of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased by 12% to an estimated 1 million tons gross weight in 2025. Several companies continued exploration and development projects with planned production of zirconium mineral concentrates in Australia, Mozambique, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and elsewhere. The leading global exporters of zirconium mineral concentrates were Australia and South Africa. China was the leading importer of zirconium mineral concentrates. U.S. imports and exports of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased in 2025. Australia, Senegal, and South Africa were still the leading import sources of zirconium mineral concentrates. The United States was a net exporter of zirconium metal. U.S. exports of unwrought hafnium decreased whereas imports increased. The leading global exporters of unwrought hafnium were China and Germany.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of zircon in the United States included about 14 million tons associated with titanium resources in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Phosphate rock and sand and gravel deposits could potentially yield substantial amounts of zircon as a byproduct. World resources of hafnium are associated with those of zircon and baddeleyite. Quantitative estimates of hafnium resources were not available.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Chromite and olivine can substitute for zircon for some foundry applications. Dolomite and spinel refractories can also substitute for zircon in certain high-temperature applications. Niobium (columbium), stainless steel, and tantalum provide some substitution in nuclear applications, and titanium and synthetic materials may substitute in some chemical processing plant applications. Boron or cadmium-silver-indium alloys can substitute for hafnium metal in nuclear control rods. Zirconium can be used interchangeably with hafnium in certain superalloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Companies in Oregon and Utah recycled zirconium from new scrap generated during metal production and fabrication and (or) from post-commercial old scrap. Zircon foundry mold cores and spent or rejected zirconia refractories are often recycled but could not be quantified. Hafnium metal recycling was minimal.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, zirconium ores and concentrates [zirconium oxide (ZrO) content]",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, zirconium ores and concentrates [zirconium oxide (ZrO) content]",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100000.0,
            "2022": 100000.0,
            "2023": 100000.0,
            "2024": 100000.0,
            "2025e": 100000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<100,000",
            "2022": "<100,000",
            "2023": "<100,000",
            "2024": "<100,000",
            "2025e": "<100,000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18500.0,
            "2022": 31900.0,
            "2023": 20400.0,
            "2024": 18900.0,
            "2025e": 16000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18500",
            "2022": "31900",
            "2023": "20400",
            "2024": "18900",
            "2025e": "16000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, compounds",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, unwrought, powder, and waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 746.0,
            "2022": 346.0,
            "2023": 451.0,
            "2024": 493.0,
            "2025e": 530.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "746",
            "2022": "346",
            "2023": "451",
            "2024": "493",
            "2025e": "530"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 264.0,
            "2022": 288.0,
            "2023": 312.0,
            "2024": 372.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "264",
            "2022": "288",
            "2023": "312",
            "2024": "372",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 23.0,
            "2022": 43.0,
            "2023": 72.0,
            "2024": 64.0,
            "2025e": 72.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "23",
            "2022": "43",
            "2023": "72",
            "2024": "64",
            "2025e": "72"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 2.0,
            "2023": 6.0,
            "2024": 13.0,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "2",
            "2023": "6",
            "2024": "13",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10000.0,
            "2022": 11200.0,
            "2023": 13200.0,
            "2024": 15400.0,
            "2025e": 10000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10000",
            "2022": "11200",
            "2023": "13200",
            "2024": "15400",
            "2025e": "10000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, unwrought, powder, and waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 589.0,
            "2022": 1090.0,
            "2023": 1080.0,
            "2024": 1180.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "589",
            "2022": "1090",
            "2023": "1080",
            "2024": "1180",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 966.0,
            "2022": 821.0,
            "2023": 706.0,
            "2024": 808.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "966",
            "2022": "821",
            "2023": "706",
            "2024": "808",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 15.0,
            "2023": 58.0,
            "2024": 12.0,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "15",
            "2023": "58",
            "2024": "12",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 3.0,
            "2023": 3.0,
            "2024": 5.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "3",
            "2023": "3",
            "2024": "5",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100000.0,
            "2022": 100000.0,
            "2023": 100000.0,
            "2024": 100000.0,
            "2025e": 100000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<100,000",
            "2022": "<100,000",
            "2023": "<100,000",
            "2024": "<100,000",
            "2025e": "<100,000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Premium grade, cost, insurance, and freight, China",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1530.0,
            "2022": 2300.0,
            "2023": 2160.0,
            "2024": 2000.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1530",
            "2022": "2300",
            "2023": "2160",
            "2024": "2000",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imported",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1450.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1980.0,
            "2024": 2080.0,
            "2025e": 1900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1450",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1980",
            "2024": "2080",
            "2025e": "1900"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, sponge, ex-works China, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 28.0,
            "2024": 24.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "28",
            "2024": "24",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 781.0,
            "2022": 1590.0,
            "2023": 6130.0,
            "2024": 4560.0,
            "2025e": 3800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "781",
            "2022": "1590",
            "2023": "6130",
            "2024": "4560",
            "2025e": "3800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 25.0,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<25",
            "2022": "<50",
            "2023": "<25",
            "2024": "<25",
            "2025e": "<25"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Premium grade, cost, insurance, and freight, China",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1530.0,
            "2022": 2300.0,
            "2023": 2160.0,
            "2024": 2000.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1530",
            "2022": "2300",
            "2023": "2160",
            "2024": "2000",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Imported",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1450.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1980.0,
            "2024": 2080.0,
            "2025e": 1900.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1450",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1980",
            "2024": "2080",
            "2025e": "1900"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Zirconium, sponge, ex-works China, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 28.0,
            "2024": 24.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "28",
            "2024": "24",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Hafnium, unwrought, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 781.0,
            "2022": 1590.0,
            "2023": 6130.0,
            "2024": 4560.0,
            "2025e": 3800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "781",
            "2022": "1590",
            "2023": "6130",
            "2024": "4560",
            "2025e": "3800"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 18294.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 12322.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 100000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1800.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "apparent_consumption": "<100,000"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Zirconium ores and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 48.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 35.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Senegal",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, compounds",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, unwrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 55.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 72.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 54.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 68.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Italy",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "100",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "400",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "100",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 81.0,
          "production_latest_year": 52.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "81",
          "production_latest_raw": "52",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 31.0,
          "production_latest_year": 26.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "31",
          "production_latest_raw": "26",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "production_prev_year": 124.0,
          "production_latest_year": 160.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "124",
          "production_latest_raw": "160",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Senegal",
          "production_prev_year": 68.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "68",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sierra Leone",
          "production_prev_year": 25.0,
          "production_latest_year": 25.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "25",
          "production_latest_raw": "25",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 290.0,
          "production_latest_year": 270.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "290",
          "production_latest_raw": "270",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 71.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "71",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1300",
          "production_latest_raw": "1200",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Calculated ZrO content as 65% of gross weight.",
        "2": "Excludes zircon in mixed mineral concentrates.",
        "3": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "4": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
        "5": "Unit value based on landed-duty-paid United States imports for consumption from Australia, Senegal, and South Africa.",
        "6": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets, annual average.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "Data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 21 million tons, ZrO content.",
        "11": "Reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "diamond-powders",
      "name": "Diamond powders",
      "symbol": "C",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "diamond",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-diamond.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b80adb50e11d2d5f80479dbb14e471955c2cd4866aefb863e277dec84683081e",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in million carats unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, total domestic primary production of manufactured industrial diamond bort, grit, and dust and powder was estimated to be 160 million carats with a value of $52 million, compared with 159 million carats with a value of $52 million in 2024. No industrial diamond stone was produced domestically. One company with facilities in Florida and Ohio and a second company in Pennsylvania accounted for all domestic primary production. At least four companies produced polycrystalline diamond from diamond powder. At least two companies recovered used industrial diamond material from used diamond drill bits, diamond tools, and other diamond- containing wastes for recycling. The major consuming sectors of industrial diamond are computer chip production; construction; drilling for minerals, natural gas, and oil; machinery manufacturing; stone cutting and polishing; and transportation (infrastructure and vehicles). Highway building, milling, and repair and stone cutting consumed most of the industrial diamond stone. About 97% of U.S. industrial diamond apparent consumption was synthetic industrial diamond because its quality can be controlled, and its properties can be customized.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Most natural industrial diamond is produced as a byproduct of mining gem-quality diamond. Global natural industrial diamond production was essentially the same in 2025 as in 2024. Russia, the leading country in the production of natural industrial diamond, produced 16 million carats or 42% of total world production, followed by Congo (Kinshasa), 7 million carats (18%); Botswana, 5 million carats (14%); Zimbabwe, 5 million carats (13%); and South Africa, 3 million carats (8%). These five countries produced 95% of the world’s natural industrial diamond. In recent years, mines have closed, and output has been lower as mines approach the ends of their lives. The world’s largest diamond mines have matured and are past their peak production levels, and several of the largest diamond mines are expected to close in the near future. As these mines are depleted, global production is expected to continue declining in quantity. In 2025, U.S. synthetic-industrial-diamond producers did not manufacture any diamond stone. The combined apparent consumption of all types of industrial diamond decreased by about 20% in quantity and by 17% in value from that in 2024. During 2025, imports of all types of natural and synthetic industrial diamond imports decreased by 30% from that in 2024. In 2025, China was the leading producing country of synthetic industrial diamond, followed by the United States and Russia, in descending order of quantity. These three countries produced about 99% of the world’s synthetic industrial diamond. Synthetic diamond accounted for more than 99% of global industrial diamond production and consumption. Worldwide production of manufactured industrial diamond totaled more than 15 billion carats. The United States is likely to continue to be one of the world’s leading markets for industrial diamond into the next decade and is expected to remain a significant producer of synthetic industrial diamond as well. U.S. demand for industrial diamond is likely to be strong in the construction sector as the United States continues building, milling, and repairing the Nation’s highway system. Industrial diamond is impregnated in or coats the cutting edge of saws used to cut concrete in highway construction and repair work.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Natural diamond deposits have been discovered in more than 35 countries. Natural diamond accounts for less than 1% of all industrial diamond used; synthetic diamond accounts for the remainder. At least 15 countries have the technology to produce synthetic diamond.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Materials that can compete with industrial diamond in some applications include manufactured abrasives such as cubic boron nitride, fused aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide. Globally, synthetic diamond, rather than natural diamond, is used for more than 99% of industrial applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "In 2025, the amount of diamond bort, grit, and dust and powder recycled was estimated to be 15 million carats with an estimated value of $540,000. An estimated 75,000 carats of diamond stone was recycled with an estimated value of $110,000.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Natural Industrial Diamond Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "See the Gemstones chapter for information on gem-quality diamond.",
        "2": "Defined as manufactured diamond production + secondary diamond production + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "4": "Less than 500 carats.",
        "5": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "6": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "gallium-nitride",
      "name": "Gallium nitride (GaN)",
      "symbol": "Ga",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "gallium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gallium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "15df2a3ef3ed992b8bb9e1785809a83219864286626b289c207ca5fda84ca27c",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in kilograms, gallium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "No domestic primary (low-purity, unrefined) gallium has been recovered since 1987. Globally, primary gallium is recovered predominantly as a byproduct of processing bauxite ores. Gallium may also be recovered as a byproduct of processing zinc ores. One company in New York recovered and refined high-purity gallium from imported primary low-purity gallium metal and new scrap. In 2025, the value of imports of gallium metal was an estimated $15 million, and the value of gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer imports was an estimated $120 million. GaAs was used to manufacture compound semiconductor wafers used in integrated circuits (ICs) and optoelectronic devices, which include laser diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and solar cells. Gallium nitride (GaN) was used to manufacture ICs and optoelectronic devices; ICs accounted for 73% of domestic gallium consumption, and optoelectronic devices accounted for 26%. Optoelectronic devices were used in aerospace applications, consumer goods, industrial equipment, medical equipment, and telecommunications equipment. Uses of ICs included defense applications, high-performance computers, and telecommunications equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Imports of gallium metal, GaAs wafers, and domestic production of GaAs and GaN wafers continued to account for all U.S. consumption of gallium. In 2025, imports of gallium metal were estimated to be more than double those in 2024, and the average unit value of imported gallium metal was estimated to be $580 per kilogram, about 30% more than that in 2024. Imports of gallium arsenide wafers were estimated to be 24% less than those in 2024. In November 2025, China lifted its ban on gallium exports to the United States for 1 year. This followed the Government of China’s gallium export controls implemented in August 2023 and China’s ban of all gallium exports to the United States in December 2024. China accounted for 99% of worldwide primary low-purity gallium production. The remaining primary low-purity gallium producers outside of China included Japan and Russia. Germany, Hungary, and Kazakhstan ceased primary production in 2016, 2015, and 2013, respectively. Ukraine most likely ceased primary production in 2022. Several new gallium production projects were announced including those in Australia, Canada, Greece, Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Korea. GALLIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 In September, the U.S. Department of Energy announced as much as $6 million in funding for domestic research and development projects to help establish a domestic supply chain for gallium. This initiative was expected to be used to support technologies to recover gallium from alumina refining or primary zinc smelting with the goal of restarting domestic primary gallium recovery for the first time in almost 40 years. In November, the U.S. Department of War, under the Defense Production Act, Title III, granted a $29.9 million award to a U.S. company to develop a demonstration facility in Louisiana that will recover gallium and scandium from industrial waste. Initial development work was expected to take place at a facility in Texas.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Gallium occurs in very small concentrations in ores of other metals. Most gallium is produced as a byproduct of processing bauxite, and the remainder is produced from zinc-processing residues. The average gallium content of bauxite is 50 parts per million. U.S. bauxite deposits consist mainly of subeconomic resources that are not generally suitable for alumina production owing to their high silica content. Some domestic zinc ores contain up to 50 parts per million gallium and could be a significant resource, although no gallium is currently recovered from domestic ores. Gallium contained in world resources of bauxite is estimated to exceed 1 million tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Liquid crystals made from organic compounds are used in visual displays as substitutes for LEDs. Silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor power amplifiers compete with GaAs power amplifiers in midtier third-generation (3G) cellular handsets. Indium phosphide components can be substituted for GaAs-based infrared laser diodes in some specific-wavelength applications, and helium-neon lasers compete with GaAs in visible laser diode applications. Silicon is the principal competitor with GaAs in solar-cell applications. In many defense- related applications, GaAs- and GaN-based ICs are used because of their unique properties, and no effective substitutes exist for GaAs and GaN in these applications. In heterojunction bipolar transistors, GaAs is being replaced in some applications by silicon-germanium.",
      "recycling_summary": "Old scrap, none. Substantial quantities of new scrap generated in the manufacture of GaAs-based devices were reprocessed to recover high-purity gallium at one facility in New York.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Low-Purity Production and Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Includes U.S. Geological Survey estimates.",
        "2": "Source: U.S.Census Bureau. Average customs value of U.S. imports of gallium metal, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States code 8112.92.1000.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports. Excludes gallium arsenide wafers.",
        "4": "Source: Asian Metal Ltd.",
        "5": "Estimated from Asian Metal Ltd.",
        "6": "Other countries estimated to still have primary low-purity gallium production capacity include Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea, and Ukraine.",
        "7": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "graphite-anodes",
      "name": "Graphite anodes",
      "symbol": "C",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "graphite",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-graphite.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "09ec621ed6400162e7f0b09b1e0ae8260a976d968c1936d69592fe5347f8df38",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, no natural graphite was produced domestically in the United States. Domestic production of amorphous graphite was last recorded in Montana in 1989, and flake graphite was last produced in Texas in 1979. In 2025, U.S. companies consumed an estimated 71,000 tons of natural graphite valued at $128 million. Natural graphite was widely used in batteries, brake linings, lubricants, powdered metals, refractory applications, and steelmaking, and was also incorporated into some defense-related materials and components. During 2025, U.S. natural graphite imports were an estimated 79,000 tons, consisting of 73.4% flake and high-purity, 26.2% amorphous, and 0.4% lump and chip graphite.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2022, U.S. apparent consumption of natural graphite reached its highest level since 1978 and remained elevated through 2025. Imports of graphite battery anode material, natural and synthetic, during the first 8 months of 2025 were 43,400 tons compared with 28,100 tons for the same period in 2024. The leading sources in 2025 were China (55%), Indonesia (31%), and the Republic of Korea (14%). In December 2024, a group of graphite producers based in North America submitted a petition asking the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) to review China’s trade practices involving graphite active anode material (AAM). The ITC determined that AAM from China was likely being sold at less than fair market value in the United States. In 2025, the DOC released its preliminary results, which set antidumping duties at 93.50% and countervailing duties ranging from 11.58% to 721.03% depending on the company. In 2025, China was the world’s leading natural graphite supplier, producing an estimated 82% of total world production. Most production of natural graphite in China was crystalline flake. During the first 9 months of the year, China exported 115,000 tons of natural graphite, 6% more than the 109,000 tons exported during the same period in 2024. During the first 9 months of 2025, China exported 37,400 tons of spherical purified graphite (SPG), 29% more than the 29,100 tons exported during the same period in 2024. The leading recipients of natural graphite from China in the first 9 months of 2025 were Japan (36%), Indonesia (22%), the Republic of Korea (10%), and Germany (8%). The leading recipients of SPG from China in the first 9 months of 2025 were the Republic of Korea (40%), Indonesia (33%), Japan (16%), and the United States (11%). The increase of exports to Indonesia were likely owing to a Chinese company’s new SPG facility that began production in Central Java, Indonesia. Chinese companies were also developing or considering SPG facilities in Finland, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, and Sweden. GRAPHITE (NATURAL) U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Five companies were considering or developing graphite-mining projects in the United States: two in Alabama, one in Alaska, one in Montana, and one in New York. In Alaska, the company completed a feasibility study in 2025, which included plans to produce an average of 175,000 tons per year of graphite concentrate over 20 years. The project was also added to the Fixing America’s Surface Transport Act dashboard, which seeks to decrease permitting timelines. In New York, a zinc producer continued development of the Kilbourne graphite deposit near its existing zinc mine. The company also began construction of a graphite demonstration plant to produce natural graphite concentrate for qualification purposes. In 2025, Tanzania more than doubled graphite production to 75,000 tons. Commercial production began in 2017 with a Tanzanian company in Manyara, and in 2019 a Chinese company started production in Tanga. In 2024, Australian and Chinese companies commissioned graphite mines in Lindi and Manyara, respectively. In Mozambique, a Chinese company began production at a new graphite mine in Niassa and an Australian company restarted production at the Balama Mine in June after being suspended since late 2024. In Brazil, two companies continued to ramp up production at the Boa Sorte and Santa Cruz graphite mines, both of which began production in 2024. Additionally, a Russian company began graphite production at the Soyuznoye deposit in 2025. SPG was produced in the United States by two companies in Illinois and Louisiana. In Alabama, a company commissioned an SPG qualification line at its plant in Kellyton. At least eight other companies were considering SPG plants in the United States. In Australia, a company commissioned an SPG demonstration plant in Queensland.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Domestic resources of graphite are relatively small, but the rest of the world’s resources exceed 800 million tons of recoverable graphite.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Synthetic graphite powder, scrap from discarded machined shapes, and calcined petroleum coke compete for use in iron and steel production. Synthetic graphite powder and secondary synthetic graphite from machining graphite shapes compete for use in battery applications. Finely ground coke with olivine is a potential competitor in foundry-facing applications. Molybdenum disulfide competes as a dry lubricant but is more sensitive to oxidizing conditions.",
      "recycling_summary": "Refractory brick and linings, alumina-graphite refractories for continuous metal castings, magnesia- graphite refractory brick for basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, and insulation brick was increasing, with material being recycled into products such as brake linings and thermal insulation. The abundance of graphite in the world market inhibits increased recycling efforts. Information on the quantity and value of recycled graphite was not available.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. — Zero.",
        "1": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "2": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "3": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "4": "Included in “World total.”"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lithium-batteries",
      "name": "Lithium batteries",
      "symbol": "Li",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "lithium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-lithium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "53f92ea45c367c36f05919151f7784feda5776095afaf3a25aec795a27be106f",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons, lithium content, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "Commercial-scale lithium production in the United States was from a continental brine operation in Nevada. Two companies produced a wide range of downstream lithium compounds in the United States from domestic or imported lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, and lithium hydroxide. Domestic production data were withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Although lithium uses vary by location, global end uses were estimated as follows: batteries, 88%; ceramics and glass, 4%; lubricating greases, 2%; air treatment, 1%; continuous casting mold flux powders, 1%; medical, 1%; and other uses, 3%. Lithium consumption for batteries increased significantly owing to the use of rechargeable lithium batteries in the growing market for electric vehicles (EVs), energy grid storage applications, portable electronic devices, and electric tools. Lithium minerals were used directly as mineral concentrates in ceramics and glass applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Excluding U.S. production, worldwide lithium production in 2025 increased by 31% to approximately 290,000 tons from 222,000 tons in 2024 in response to strong demand from the lithium-ion battery market, high lithium prices from 2021 to early 2023, and an increase in global lithium production capacity. Global consumption of lithium in 2025 was estimated to be 263,000 tons, a 20% increase from consumption of 220,000 tons in 2024. Concern about a short-term lithium oversupply kept prices low during the first half of 2025. However, considerable EV sales growth in China and Europe and increased demand for battery energy storage systems contributed to lithium price increases during the second half of 2025. Spot lithium carbonate prices in China [cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.)] increased from approximately $9,300 per ton in January to approximately $10,300 per ton in November. For fixed contracts, the annual average U.S. lithium carbonate price was $9,000 per ton in 2025, a decrease of 31% from that in 2024. Spot lithium hydroxide prices in China [free on board (f.o.b.)] increased from approximately $10,300 per ton in January to approximately $11,200 per ton in November. Spodumene (6% lithium oxide) prices in Australia (f.o.b.) increased from approximately $800 per ton in January to approximately $970 per ton in November. Four brine operations in Argentina, seven mineral operations in Australia, one mineral operation in Brazil, two mineral operations in Canada, two brine operations Chile, nine mineral and six brine operations in China, two mineral operations in Mali, and five mineral operations in Zimbabwe accounted for the majority of world lithium production. Additionally, smaller operations in Argentina, Brazil, China, Portugal, and the United States also contributed to world lithium production. Namibia temporarily removed from mine production owing to legal uncertainties. Despite some lithium producers reducing output or expansion projects being postponed in 2025 owing to low prices, significant production capacity expansions took place in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Mali, the United States, and Zimbabwe. LITHIUM U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, February 2026 Lithium supply security has become a priority for technology companies in Asia, Europe, and North America. Strategic alliances and joint ventures among technology companies and exploration companies continued to be established to ensure a reliable, diversified supply of lithium for battery suppliers and vehicle manufacturers. Brine-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, and the United States; mineral-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe; lithium-clay sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Mexico and the United States.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Owing to continuing exploration, measured and indicated lithium resources have increased substantially worldwide and total about 150 million tons. Measured and indicated lithium resources in the United States—from continental brines, claystone, geothermal brines, hectorite, oilfield brines, and pegmatites—are 30 million tons. Measured and indicated lithium resources in other countries have been revised to 120 million tons. Resources are distributed as follows: Argentina, 28 million tons; Bolivia, 23 million tons; Chile, 13 million tons; Australia, 10 million tons; China, 10 million tons; Germany, 8.9 million tons; Canada, 8.1 million tons; Congo (Kinshasa), 3 million tons; Mexico, 1.7 million tons; Brazil, 1.4 million tons; Czechia, 1.3 million tons; Mali, 1.2 million tons; Serbia, 1.2 million tons; France, 1 million tons; Peru, 1 million tons; Russia, 1 million tons; Zimbabwe, 860,000 tons; Spain, 320,000 tons; Portugal, 260,000 tons; Namibia, 230,000 tons; Ghana, 200,000 tons; United Kingdom, 61,000 tons; Austria, 60,000 tons; Finland, 55,000 tons; and Kazakhstan, 45,000 tons.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitution for lithium compounds is possible in batteries, ceramics, greases, and manufactured glass. Examples are calcium, magnesium, mercury, and zinc as anode material in primary batteries; calcium and aluminum soaps as substitutes for stearates in greases; and sodic and potassic fluxes in ceramics and glass manufacture.",
      "recycling_summary": "Construction of lithium battery recycling plants continued throughout 2025. Automobile companies and battery recyclers partnered to supply the automobile industry with a source of battery materials.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "Defined as production + imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "2": "Lithium carbonate price assessments for spot and long-term contracts. Source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence Ltd.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "4": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "5": "Reported.",
        "6": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 5.1 million tons.",
        "7": "Other countries with reported reserves include Austria, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Mexico, Namibia, Serbia, and Spain.",
        "8": "Excludes U.S. production."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "fused-aluminum-oxide",
      "name": "Fused aluminum oxide",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "abrasives",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-abrasives.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b905055f426b2cce8ed6033d168abb5f4772088a9136ba561a7da13f338c4e11",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and metallic abrasives)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of crude fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $5.1 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $25 million. Metallic abrasives were produced by 10 companies operating 11 plants in seven States. Production of metallic abrasives had an estimated value of about $140 million, and metallic abrasive shipments were valued at $200 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Metallic abrasives are primarily steel shot and grit and cut wire shot, which are used for sandblasting, peening, and stonecutting applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, China was the world’s leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide. Imports from China, where production costs were lower, continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada. China accounted for 96% of United States imports of crude fused aluminum oxide, 15% of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports, 97% of crude silicon carbide imports, and 57% of ground and refined silicon carbide imports. Abrasive products from China remained subject to additional duties under U.S. section 301 actions—such as an extra 7.5% ad valorem on HTS 2818.10.2010 and Chapter 99 tariffs on HTS 2849.20.2000—on top of the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) rates, and HTS 7205.10.0000 continued to have a zero NTR rate, a 3% rate for certain countries, and an additional 25% duty for products from China under HTS 9903.88.03. Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America. The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum oxide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 33% lower and 20% higher, respectively, than those in 2024. The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 20% and 18% lower, respectively, than those in 2024. The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abrasives in 2022 through 2025 as compared with being a net importer in 2021. The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2025 was 6% lower than that in 2024. Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports. The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in the manufacturing sectors that use them, particularly the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although domestic resources of raw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as emery, garnet, metallic abrasives, or staurolite, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10000.0,
            "2022": 20000.0,
            "2023": 25000.0,
            "2024": 25000.0,
            "2025e": 20000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10000",
            "2022": "20000",
            "2023": "25000",
            "2024": "25000",
            "2025e": "20000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 159000.0,
            "2022": 225000.0,
            "2023": 120000.0,
            "2024": 161000.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "159000",
            "2022": "225000",
            "2023": "120000",
            "2024": "161000",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 13500.0,
            "2022": 14400.0,
            "2023": 9570.0,
            "2024": 9190.0,
            "2025e": 8000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13500",
            "2022": "14400",
            "2023": "9570",
            "2024": "9190",
            "2025e": "8000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 146000.0,
            "2022": 210000.0,
            "2023": 110000.0,
            "2024": 152000.0,
            "2025e": 140000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "146000",
            "2022": "210000",
            "2023": "110000",
            "2024": "152000",
            "2025e": "140000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 674.0,
            "2022": 797.0,
            "2023": 655.0,
            "2024": 635.0,
            "2025e": 699.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "674",
            "2022": "797",
            "2023": "655",
            "2024": "635",
            "2025e": "699"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1290.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1380.0,
            "2024": 1440.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1290",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1380",
            "2024": "1440",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Fused aluminum oxide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 95.0,
            "2024": 95.0,
            "2025e": 95.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">95",
            "2023": ">95",
            "2024": ">95",
            "2025e": ">95"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 674.0,
            "2022": 797.0,
            "2023": 655.0,
            "2024": 635.0,
            "2025e": 699.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "674",
            "2022": "797",
            "2023": "655",
            "2024": "635",
            "2025e": "699"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1290.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1380.0,
            "2024": 1440.0,
            "2025e": 1500.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1290",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1380",
            "2024": "1440",
            "2025e": "1500"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 20000.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 150000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 8000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 699.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Fused aluminum oxide, crude",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 92.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Fused aluminum oxide, ground and refined",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 27.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 17.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 16.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 25.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total fused aluminum oxide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 68.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Austria",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. —Zero.",
        "1": "Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports because production includes data from Canada; actual consumption is higher than that shown.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as shipments + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "silicon-carbide",
      "name": "Silicon carbide",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "abrasives",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-abrasives.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b905055f426b2cce8ed6033d168abb5f4772088a9136ba561a7da13f338c4e11",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and metallic abrasives)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of crude fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $5.1 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $25 million. Metallic abrasives were produced by 10 companies operating 11 plants in seven States. Production of metallic abrasives had an estimated value of about $140 million, and metallic abrasive shipments were valued at $200 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Metallic abrasives are primarily steel shot and grit and cut wire shot, which are used for sandblasting, peening, and stonecutting applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, China was the world’s leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide. Imports from China, where production costs were lower, continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada. China accounted for 96% of United States imports of crude fused aluminum oxide, 15% of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports, 97% of crude silicon carbide imports, and 57% of ground and refined silicon carbide imports. Abrasive products from China remained subject to additional duties under U.S. section 301 actions—such as an extra 7.5% ad valorem on HTS 2818.10.2010 and Chapter 99 tariffs on HTS 2849.20.2000—on top of the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) rates, and HTS 7205.10.0000 continued to have a zero NTR rate, a 3% rate for certain countries, and an additional 25% duty for products from China under HTS 9903.88.03. Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America. The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum oxide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 33% lower and 20% higher, respectively, than those in 2024. The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 20% and 18% lower, respectively, than those in 2024. The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abrasives in 2022 through 2025 as compared with being a net importer in 2021. The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2025 was 6% lower than that in 2024. Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports. The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in the manufacturing sectors that use them, particularly the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although domestic resources of raw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as emery, garnet, metallic abrasives, or staurolite, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 35000.0,
            "2022": 40000.0,
            "2023": 45000.0,
            "2024": 40000.0,
            "2025e": 30000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35000",
            "2022": "40000",
            "2023": "45000",
            "2024": "40000",
            "2025e": "30000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 125000.0,
            "2022": 165000.0,
            "2023": 114000.0,
            "2024": 113000.0,
            "2025e": 95000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "125000",
            "2022": "165000",
            "2023": "114000",
            "2024": "113000",
            "2025e": "95000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 12000.0,
            "2022": 12000.0,
            "2023": 10100.0,
            "2024": 9680.0,
            "2025e": 8600.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "12000",
            "2022": "12000",
            "2023": "10100",
            "2024": "9680",
            "2025e": "8600"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 148000.0,
            "2022": 193000.0,
            "2023": 148000.0,
            "2024": 143000.0,
            "2025e": 120000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "148000",
            "2022": "193000",
            "2023": "148000",
            "2024": "143000",
            "2025e": "120000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 587.0,
            "2022": 1080.0,
            "2023": 905.0,
            "2024": 832.0,
            "2025e": 829.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "587",
            "2022": "1080",
            "2023": "905",
            "2024": "832",
            "2025e": "829"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Silicon carbide",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 76.0,
            "2022": 79.0,
            "2023": 70.0,
            "2024": 72.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "76",
            "2022": "79",
            "2023": "70",
            "2024": "72",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 587.0,
            "2022": 1080.0,
            "2023": 905.0,
            "2024": 832.0,
            "2025e": 829.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "587",
            "2022": "1080",
            "2023": "905",
            "2024": "832",
            "2025e": "829"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 30000.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 95000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 8600.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 829.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Silicon carbide, crude",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 97.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 3.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Silicon carbide, ground and refined",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 61.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Norway",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Total silicon carbide",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 88.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Brazil",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. —Zero.",
        "1": "Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports because production includes data from Canada; actual consumption is higher than that shown.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as shipments + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "metallic-abrasives",
      "name": "Metallic abrasives",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "abrasives",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-abrasives.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b905055f426b2cce8ed6033d168abb5f4772088a9136ba561a7da13f338c4e11",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and metallic abrasives)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of crude fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $5.1 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $25 million. Metallic abrasives were produced by 10 companies operating 11 plants in seven States. Production of metallic abrasives had an estimated value of about $140 million, and metallic abrasive shipments were valued at $200 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Metallic abrasives are primarily steel shot and grit and cut wire shot, which are used for sandblasting, peening, and stonecutting applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, China was the world’s leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide. Imports from China, where production costs were lower, continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada. China accounted for 96% of United States imports of crude fused aluminum oxide, 15% of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports, 97% of crude silicon carbide imports, and 57% of ground and refined silicon carbide imports. Abrasive products from China remained subject to additional duties under U.S. section 301 actions—such as an extra 7.5% ad valorem on HTS 2818.10.2010 and Chapter 99 tariffs on HTS 2849.20.2000—on top of the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) rates, and HTS 7205.10.0000 continued to have a zero NTR rate, a 3% rate for certain countries, and an additional 25% duty for products from China under HTS 9903.88.03. Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America. The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum oxide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 33% lower and 20% higher, respectively, than those in 2024. The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 20% and 18% lower, respectively, than those in 2024. The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abrasives in 2022 through 2025 as compared with being a net importer in 2021. The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2025 was 6% lower than that in 2024. Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports. The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in the manufacturing sectors that use them, particularly the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although domestic resources of raw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as emery, garnet, metallic abrasives, or staurolite, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 176000.0,
            "2022": 180000.0,
            "2023": 198000.0,
            "2024": 193000.0,
            "2025e": 160000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "176000",
            "2022": "180000",
            "2023": "198000",
            "2024": "193000",
            "2025e": "160000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments, metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 193000.0,
            "2022": 199000.0,
            "2023": 227000.0,
            "2024": 223000.0,
            "2025e": 180000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "193000",
            "2022": "199000",
            "2023": "227000",
            "2024": "223000",
            "2025e": "180000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 26400.0,
            "2022": 20100.0,
            "2023": 17800.0,
            "2024": 16900.0,
            "2025e": 16000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "26400",
            "2022": "20100",
            "2023": "17800",
            "2024": "16900",
            "2025e": "16000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20100.0,
            "2022": 23900.0,
            "2023": 24100.0,
            "2024": 19300.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20100",
            "2022": "23900",
            "2023": "24100",
            "2024": "19300",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": "5",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 199000.0,
            "2022": 195000.0,
            "2023": 220000.0,
            "2024": 220000.0,
            "2025e": 180000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "199000",
            "2022": "195000",
            "2023": "220000",
            "2024": "220000",
            "2025e": "180000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1510.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1850.0,
            "2024": 1910.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1510",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1850",
            "2024": "1910",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Metallic abrasives",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3.0,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Metallic abrasives",
          "unit_note": "Price, average unit value of imports, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1510.0,
            "2022": 2130.0,
            "2023": 1850.0,
            "2024": 1910.0,
            "2025e": 2000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1510",
            "2022": "2130",
            "2023": "1850",
            "2024": "1910",
            "2025e": "2000"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 160000.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 16000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 18000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 2000.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Metallic abrasives",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 47.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Thailand",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Turkey",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 24.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. —Zero.",
        "1": "Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports because production includes data from Canada; actual consumption is higher than that shown.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as shipments + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "superhard-materials",
      "name": "Superhard materials",
      "symbol": null,
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "abrasives",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-abrasives.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "b905055f426b2cce8ed6033d168abb5f4772088a9136ba561a7da13f338c4e11",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Fused aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and metallic abrasives)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of crude fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $5.1 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $25 million. Metallic abrasives were produced by 10 companies operating 11 plants in seven States. Production of metallic abrasives had an estimated value of about $140 million, and metallic abrasive shipments were valued at $200 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Metallic abrasives are primarily steel shot and grit and cut wire shot, which are used for sandblasting, peening, and stonecutting applications.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, China was the world’s leading manufacturer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide. Imports from China, where production costs were lower, continued to challenge abrasives manufacturers in the United States and Canada. China accounted for 96% of United States imports of crude fused aluminum oxide, 15% of ground and refined fused aluminum oxide imports, 97% of crude silicon carbide imports, and 57% of ground and refined silicon carbide imports. Abrasive products from China remained subject to additional duties under U.S. section 301 actions—such as an extra 7.5% ad valorem on HTS 2818.10.2010 and Chapter 99 tariffs on HTS 2849.20.2000—on top of the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) rates, and HTS 7205.10.0000 continued to have a zero NTR rate, a 3% rate for certain countries, and an additional 25% duty for products from China under HTS 9903.88.03. Foreign competition was expected to persist and continue to limit production in North America. The import quantities of abrasive fused aluminum oxide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 33% lower and 20% higher, respectively, than those in 2024. The import quantities of abrasive silicon carbide (crude and ground and refined) in 2025 were 20% and 18% lower, respectively, than those in 2024. The United States returned to being a net exporter of metallic abrasives in 2022 through 2025 as compared with being a net importer in 2021. The import quantity of metallic abrasives in 2025 was 6% lower than that in 2024. Canada was the leading supplier of metallic abrasive imports. The consumption of abrasives in the United States is influenced by activity in the manufacturing sectors that use them, particularly the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by technological trends.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Although domestic resources of raw materials for fused aluminum oxide production are limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for silicon carbide production.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as emery, garnet, metallic abrasives, or staurolite, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications.",
      "recycling_summary": "Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. —Zero.",
        "1": "Production data for fused aluminum oxide are combined data from the United States and Canada to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "2": "Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "3": "Defined as imports – exports because production includes data from Canada; actual consumption is higher than that shown.",
        "4": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Defined as shipments + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "7": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "cerium",
      "name": "Cerium",
      "symbol": "Ce",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Cerium oxide, 99.5% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Cerium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.54,
            "2022": 1.45,
            "2023": 1.03,
            "2024": 1.21,
            "2025e": 1.71
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.54",
            "2022": "1.45",
            "2023": "1.03",
            "2024": "1.21",
            "2025e": "1.71"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Cerium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.54,
            "2022": 1.45,
            "2023": 1.03,
            "2024": 1.21,
            "2025e": 1.71
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.54",
            "2022": "1.45",
            "2023": "1.03",
            "2024": "1.21",
            "2025e": "1.71"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1.71,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "dysprosium",
      "name": "Dysprosium",
      "symbol": "Dy",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "erbium",
      "name": "Erbium",
      "symbol": "Er",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "europium",
      "name": "Europium",
      "symbol": "Eu",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Europium oxide, 99.99% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Europium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 27.0,
            "2025e": 27.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "27",
            "2025e": "27"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Europium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 31.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 27.0,
            "2024": 27.0,
            "2025e": 27.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "31",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "27",
            "2024": "27",
            "2025e": "27"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 27.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "gadolinium",
      "name": "Gadolinium",
      "symbol": "Gd",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Gadolinium oxide, 99.99% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Gadolinium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 47.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 47.0,
            "2024": 28.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "47",
            "2022": "75",
            "2023": "47",
            "2024": "28",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Gadolinium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 47.0,
            "2022": 75.0,
            "2023": 47.0,
            "2024": 28.0,
            "2025e": 30.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "47",
            "2022": "75",
            "2023": "47",
            "2024": "28",
            "2025e": "30"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 30.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "holmium",
      "name": "Holmium",
      "symbol": "Ho",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lanthanum",
      "name": "Lanthanum",
      "symbol": "La",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Lanthanum oxide, 99.5% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Lanthanum oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.51,
            "2022": 1.39,
            "2023": 0.96,
            "2024": 0.97,
            "2025e": 1.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.51",
            "2022": "1.39",
            "2023": "0.96",
            "2024": "0.97",
            "2025e": "1.00"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Lanthanum oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.51,
            "2022": 1.39,
            "2023": 0.96,
            "2024": 0.97,
            "2025e": 1.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1.51",
            "2022": "1.39",
            "2023": "0.96",
            "2024": "0.97",
            "2025e": "1.00"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 1.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "lutetium",
      "name": "Lutetium",
      "symbol": "Lu",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "neodymium",
      "name": "Neodymium",
      "symbol": "Nd",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Neodymium oxide, 99.5% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Neodymium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 98.0,
            "2022": 134.0,
            "2023": 78.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 73.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "98",
            "2022": "134",
            "2023": "78",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "73"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Neodymium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 98.0,
            "2022": 134.0,
            "2023": 78.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 73.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "98",
            "2022": "134",
            "2023": "78",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "73"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 73.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "praseodymium",
      "name": "Praseodymium",
      "symbol": "Pr",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Praseodymium oxide, 99.99% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Praseodymium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 128.0,
            "2023": 76.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "128",
            "2023": "76",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Praseodymium oxide, 99.99% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 93.0,
            "2022": 128.0,
            "2023": 76.0,
            "2024": 56.0,
            "2025e": 74.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "93",
            "2022": "128",
            "2023": "76",
            "2024": "56",
            "2025e": "74"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 74.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "samarium",
      "name": "Samarium",
      "symbol": "Sm",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": "Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum (Price, average, dollars per kilogram)",
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.03,
            "2022": 3.34,
            "2023": 2.17,
            "2024": 2.01,
            "2025e": 2.82
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2.03",
            "2022": "3.34",
            "2023": "2.17",
            "2024": "2.01",
            "2025e": "2.82"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Samarium oxide, 99.5% minimum",
          "unit_note": "Price, average, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2.03,
            "2022": 3.34,
            "2023": 2.17,
            "2024": 2.01,
            "2025e": 2.82
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2.03",
            "2022": "3.34",
            "2023": "2.17",
            "2024": "2.01",
            "2025e": "2.82"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 2.82,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "terbium",
      "name": "Terbium",
      "symbol": "Tb",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "thulium",
      "name": "Thulium",
      "symbol": "Tm",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "ytterbium",
      "name": "Ytterbium",
      "symbol": "Yb",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "yttrium",
      "name": "Yttrium",
      "symbol": "Y",
      "kind": "rare_earth",
      "parent_slug": "rare-earths",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "a733c264883a3acb80b40929873a562220090251ff25adb9abc77a977e068ab1",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "[Data in metric tons, rare-earth-oxide (REO) equivalent, unless otherwise specified]",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "Rare earths were mined and processed domestically in 2025. An estimated 51,000 tons of REO in mineral concentrates was produced and was valued at $240 million. Bastnaesite was mined as a primary product in Mountain Pass, CA. Monazite was produced from heavy-mineral-sand concentrates in the southeastern United States. Rare-earth compounds were also produced in the Western United States. U.S. imports of rare-earth compounds and metals increased by 169% in 2025; however, the estimated value of these imports decreased to $165 million from $168 million in 2024, reflecting a shift toward lower-value imported products. The estimated leading domestic end use of rare earths was catalysts, whereas the estimated leading global use was magnets. Other end uses included batteries, ceramics and glass, metallurgical applications and alloys, and polishing. A significant amount of imported rare earths was embedded in finished goods.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In April 2025, China tightened its export controls on rare-earth elements, adding specific controls on alloys, compounds, metals, and oxides of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. In October, China expanded its rare-earths export controls to include europium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. In November, China suspended the October export controls for 1 year. The April export controls remained in effect, although China began to issue general export licenses to selected exporters.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Rare earths are relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, but minable concentrations are less common than for most other mineral commodities. In North America, measured and indicated resources of rare earths were estimated to include 3.6 million tons in the United States and more than 14 million tons in Canada.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Substitutes are available for many applications but generally are less effective.",
      "recycling_summary": "Limited quantities of rare earths were recovered from batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps.",
      "salient_stats": [],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Data include lanthanides and yttrium but exclude most scandium. See also the Rare Earths (Heavy), Scandium, and Yttrium chapters.",
        "2": "Excludes monazite concentrates.",
        "3": "Production includes compounds from California and Utah. Data are rounded to two significant digits.",
        "4": "REO equivalent or content of various materials were estimated. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.",
        "5": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "6": "Free on board. Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "Includes Hong Kong.",
        "9": "Gross weight. See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "10": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "11": "Reported.",
        "12": "Estimated based on reported import data for China. Source: Trade Data Monitor Inc.",
        "13": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 3.3 million tons.",
        "14": "A 2015 report from OSCOM indicated that monazite reserves from their operations were 256,000 tons; rare-earth reserves were not reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "iridium",
      "name": "Iridium",
      "symbol": "Ir",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 2200.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "osmium",
      "name": "Osmium",
      "symbol": "Os",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 57.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "palladium",
      "name": "Palladium",
      "symbol": "Pd",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 6200.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 92000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 18000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 130000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 57.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Palladium",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 37.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Russia",
              "share_pct": 36.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 6200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 16000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 84000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 70000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 15000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 2900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 190000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "platinum",
      "name": "Platinum",
      "symbol": "Pt",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 1800.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 99000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 17000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 92000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 89.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Platinum",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 49.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Italy",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 23.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 1800.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Canada",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 5000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 20000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 120000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Zimbabwe",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 18000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 3900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 170000.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "rhodium",
      "name": "Rhodium",
      "symbol": "Rh",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 14000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 340.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "ruthenium",
      "name": "Ruthenium",
      "symbol": "Ru",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "platinum-group-metals",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-platinum-group.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "e28369fb9be476bb46e1d7eee3d9d6ef184985db4c7b05b0c145e383b88fd35d",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Palladium, platinum, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "One company in Montana mined and processed PGMs with an estimated value of $290 million in 2025, a decrease of 31% compared with $420 million in 2024. Estimated total palladium and platinum production decreased by 40% compared with 2024 production owing to one operation remaining on care-and- maintenance status. Small quantities of PGMs also were recovered as byproducts of copper-nickel mining in Michigan; however, this material was exported for refining. The leading domestic use for PGMs was in catalytic converters to decrease harmful emissions from automobiles. PGMs are also used in catalysts for bulk-chemical production and petroleum refining; dental and medical devices; electronic applications, such as in computer hard disks, hybridized integrated circuits, and multilayer ceramic capacitors; glass manufacturing; investment; jewelry; and laboratory equipment.",
      "events_trends_summary": "In 2025, production of PGMs in South Africa, the world’s leading producer of PGM- containing mined material, decreased by an estimated 9% compared with that in 2024 owing to declining palladium prices, higher costs associated with deep-level mining, and ongoing disruptions to the supply of electricity. Estimated production in Russia, the world’s leading producer of mined palladium, decreased by 6% owing to lower metal grades and ore recovery, geopolitical and investor uncertainty related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the introduction of new mining equipment at one operation. The estimated annual average price in 2025 increased by 53% for ruthenium, by 25% for platinum, by 24% for rhodium, and by 11% for palladium compared with the average prices in 2024. The estimated annual price of iridium decreased by 9% compared with annual average price in 2024. Price increases were attributed to decreased production and increased demand, particularly for rhodium in the hard disk and chemical catalyst industries and owing to the substitution of platinum in automobile catalysts. Investment uncertainty and volatility may have also contributed to price increases. The price decrease for iridium may have been affected by increased production and the waning of investor enthusiasm in the hydrogen power market.",
      "world_resources_summary": "World resources of PGMs are estimated to total more than 100 million kilograms. The largest resources and reserves are in the Bushveld Complex in South Africa.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Palladium has been used as a substitute for platinum in most gasoline-engine catalytic converters because of the historically lower price for palladium relative to that of platinum. About 25% of palladium can routinely be substituted for platinum in diesel catalytic converters; the proportion can be as much as 50% in some applications. For some industrial end uses, one PGM can substitute for another, but with losses in efficiency.",
      "recycling_summary": "About 140,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum were recovered globally from new and old scrap in 2025, including about 50,000 kilograms of palladium and 8,600 kilograms of platinum recovered from automobile catalytic converters in the United States.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 13700.0,
            "2022": 10100.0,
            "2023": 10300.0,
            "2024": 10200.0,
            "2025e": 6200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "13700",
            "2022": "10100",
            "2023": "10300",
            "2024": "10200",
            "2025e": "6200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": "Mine production",
          "values": {
            "2021": 4020.0,
            "2022": 3000.0,
            "2023": 3040.0,
            "2024": 3010.0,
            "2025e": 1800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "4020",
            "2022": "3000",
            "2023": "3040",
            "2024": "3010",
            "2025e": "1800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 72600.0,
            "2022": 65200.0,
            "2023": 66900.0,
            "2024": 68300.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "72600",
            "2022": "65200",
            "2023": "66900",
            "2024": "68300",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 67900.0,
            "2022": 64200.0,
            "2023": 66800.0,
            "2024": 70500.0,
            "2025e": 99000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "67900",
            "2022": "64200",
            "2023": "66800",
            "2024": "70500",
            "2025e": "99000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 160000.0,
            "2022": 41500.0,
            "2023": 32100.0,
            "2024": 52800.0,
            "2025e": 150000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "160000",
            "2022": "41500",
            "2023": "32100",
            "2024": "52800",
            "2025e": "150000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2310.0,
            "2022": 1610.0,
            "2023": 2040.0,
            "2024": 1360.0,
            "2025e": 2200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2310",
            "2022": "1610",
            "2023": "2040",
            "2024": "1360",
            "2025e": "2200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Osmium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1.0,
            "2022": 1.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 1.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1",
            "2022": "1",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "1",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16500.0,
            "2022": 13200.0,
            "2023": 12100.0,
            "2024": 14500.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16500",
            "2022": "13200",
            "2023": "12100",
            "2024": "14500",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18000.0,
            "2022": 13300.0,
            "2023": 10800.0,
            "2024": 9780.0,
            "2025e": 14000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18000",
            "2022": "13300",
            "2023": "10800",
            "2024": "9780",
            "2025e": "14000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 43900.0,
            "2022": 42200.0,
            "2023": 33600.0,
            "2024": 39900.0,
            "2025e": 18000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "43900",
            "2022": "42200",
            "2023": "33600",
            "2024": "39900",
            "2025e": "18000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 29400.0,
            "2022": 23100.0,
            "2023": 11300.0,
            "2024": 11700.0,
            "2025e": 17000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "29400",
            "2022": "23100",
            "2023": "11300",
            "2024": "11700",
            "2025e": "17000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "PGM waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 37800.0,
            "2022": 35200.0,
            "2023": 13900.0,
            "2024": 13600.0,
            "2025e": 24000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "37800",
            "2022": "35200",
            "2023": "13900",
            "2024": "13600",
            "2025e": "24000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1350.0,
            "2022": 717.0,
            "2023": 453.0,
            "2024": 766.0,
            "2025e": 340.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1350",
            "2022": "717",
            "2023": "453",
            "2024": "766",
            "2025e": "340"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Other PGMs",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2180.0,
            "2022": 1010.0,
            "2023": 845.0,
            "2024": 2050.0,
            "2025e": 2700.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2180",
            "2022": "1010",
            "2023": "845",
            "2024": "2050",
            "2025e": "2700"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 81400.0,
            "2022": 74100.0,
            "2023": 88500.0,
            "2024": 83600.0,
            "2025e": 130000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "81400",
            "2022": "74100",
            "2023": "88500",
            "2024": "83600",
            "2025e": "130000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 51100.0,
            "2022": 52900.0,
            "2023": 67100.0,
            "2024": 68900.0,
            "2025e": 92000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "51100",
            "2022": "52900",
            "2023": "67100",
            "2024": "68900",
            "2025e": "92000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iridium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Rhodium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Ruthenium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, mine, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, mine, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1600.0,
            "2022": 1560.0,
            "2023": 1450.0,
            "2024": 901.0,
            "2025e": 810.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1600",
            "2022": "1560",
            "2023": "1450",
            "2024": "901",
            "2025e": "810"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Palladium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 35.0,
            "2022": 31.0,
            "2023": 38.0,
            "2024": 34.0,
            "2025e": 57.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "35",
            "2022": "31",
            "2023": "38",
            "2024": "34",
            "2025e": "57"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Platinum",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of",
          "subsection": "apparent consumption",
          "values": {
            "2021": 75.0,
            "2022": 78.0,
            "2023": 83.0,
            "2024": 85.0,
            "2025e": 89.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "75",
            "2022": "78",
            "2023": "83",
            "2024": "85",
            "2025e": "89"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Palladium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2419.18,
            "2022": 2133.81,
            "2023": 1351.66,
            "2024": 994.9,
            "2025e": 1100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2419.18",
            "2022": "2133.81",
            "2023": "1351.66",
            "2024": "994.90",
            "2025e": "1100"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Platinum",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 1094.31,
            "2022": 966.54,
            "2023": 973.0,
            "2024": 960.7,
            "2025e": 1200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1094.31",
            "2022": "966.54",
            "2023": "973.00",
            "2024": "960.70",
            "2025e": "1200"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Iridium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 5158.4,
            "2022": 4581.93,
            "2023": 4672.78,
            "2024": 4810.4,
            "2025e": 4400.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "5158.40",
            "2022": "4581.93",
            "2023": "4672.78",
            "2024": "4810.40",
            "2025e": "4400"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Rhodium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 20254.1,
            "2022": 15585.0,
            "2023": 6660.58,
            "2024": 4660.44,
            "2025e": 5800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20254.10",
            "2022": "15585.00",
            "2023": "6660.58",
            "2024": "4660.44",
            "2025e": "5800"
          }
        },
        {
          "form": "Ruthenium",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per troy ounce",
          "values": {
            "2021": 576.12,
            "2022": 577.02,
            "2023": 466.49,
            "2024": 451.02,
            "2025e": 690.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "576.12",
            "2022": "577.02",
            "2023": "466.49",
            "2024": "451.02",
            "2025e": "690"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 14000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Estimated from published sources.",
        "2": "Includes data for the following Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes: 7110.11.0010, 7110.11.0020, 7110.11.0050, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0010, 7110.41.0020, 7110.41.0030, 7110.49.0010, and 7118.90.0020; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "3": "Includes data for the following Schedule B numbers: 7110.11.0000, 7110.19.0000, 7110.21.0000, 7110.29.0000, 7110.31.0000, 7110.39.0000, 7110.41.0000, and 7110.49.0000; 7112.92.0000 (2021); and 7112.92.0100 (2022–25).",
        "4": "Defined as primary production + secondary production + imports – exports.",
        "5": "Excludes imports and (or) exports of waste and scrap.",
        "6": "Engelhard unfabricated metal average annual prices. Source: S&P Global Platts Metals Week.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "10": "Reserves for Russia are based on the State Committee of Reserves of the Russian Federation (GKZ) classification system A+B+C1+C2, where C2 are reserves in deposits that are indicated but not being developed or prepared for development. C2 reserves were excluded here."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "iron-and-steel-pig-iron",
      "name": "Iron and Steel (Pig iron)",
      "symbol": "Fe",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "iron-and-steel",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "99875e4897c8f39150fdd46961277be6806b22bef9e8facef78296c0e005657e",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in million metric tons, metal, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The U.S. iron and steel industry produced 82 million tons of raw steel in 2025 with an estimated sales value of about $149 billion, a slight decrease from $150 billion in 2024. At the beginning of 2025, pig iron and raw steel were produced by two companies operating integrated steel mills in eight active locations. Multiple integrated steel mills were fully or partially idled over the last 3 years, and prior reporting of locations previously differentiated multiple facilities at the same location. Raw steel from electric arc furnaces was produced by 47 companies at 102 minimills. Combined raw steel production capacity was about 105 million tons per year, a slight decrease from 107 million tons in 2024. Indiana accounted for an estimated 19% of total raw steel production, followed by Ohio, 8%; Texas, 5%; and Pennsylvania, 4%; no other individual State accounted for more than 4% of total domestic raw steel production. Construction accounted for an estimated 31% of net shipments by market classification, followed by steel service centers and distributors, 26%; automotive, 15%; and steel for converting and processing, 11%; all other applications accounted for 17% of net shipments.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, tariffs increased to a rate of 25% for all countries in March 2025, removing prior exceptions granted since the tariffs were implemented in 2018. In June, tariffs on steel products imported to the United States were increased to 50% for all countries. Various extensions, exclusions, and reciprocal clauses were introduced throughout 2025. In November, Proclamation 10993 granted a 2-year regulatory relief period from Clean Air Act standards set in 2024 affecting coke oven facilities, which manufacture metallurgical coke used in the production of steel in integrated steel mills that account for approximately 28% of domestic steel production. In March, one company began construction on a new minimill in southern California with a production capacity of 450,000 tons per year of rebar steel. In June, a domestic steel manufacturer completed a deal to be acquired by a Japan-based steel company. The deal was approved by the U.S. Government with stipulations and was expected to generate $11 billion in domestic steelmaking investments through 2028. In September, that company also halted production at one mill in Illinois with a production capacity of 2.7 million tons per year of raw steel but was expected to keep the mill in an operational state with the possibility of resuming production. Citing strategic capacity adjustments to account for product-specific market conditions, another company indefinitely idled multiple facilities, including an Illinois basic oxygen furnace and mill with a production capacity of 700,000 tons per year of hot-rolled coil products; a Michigan basic oxygen furnace and continuous casting facilities with a production capacity of 1.99 million tons per year of pig iron and 2.40 million tons per year of carbon slabs, advanced high-strength steels, and other products; and a Pennsylvania minimill with a production capacity of 300,000 tons per year of rail and other products. That company also restarted a blast furnace in Ohio with a production capacity of 1.37 million tons per year of pig iron. The World Steel Association estimated global finished steel demand to remain unchanged in 2025 owing to declining steel demand in China offset by growth in developing economies including Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam. Globally, the manufacturing sector was expected to be affected by affordability pressures on consumers and elevated production costs. Countries with economies reliant on the export of steel-intensive goods were negatively affected by trade tensions.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Not applicable. See the Iron Ore chapter for steelmaking raw-material resources.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal. In most applications, iron and steel compete either with less expensive nonmetallic materials or with more expensive materials that have a performance advantage. Iron and steel compete with lighter materials, such as aluminum and plastics in the automotive industry; aluminum, concrete, and wood in construction; and aluminum, glass, paper, and plastics in containers.",
      "recycling_summary": "See the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron and Steel Slag chapters.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Pig iron production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 22.2,
            "2022": 20.0,
            "2023": 22.5,
            "2024": 20.6,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "22.2",
            "2022": "20.0",
            "2023": "22.5",
            "2024": "20.6",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Raw steel production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.8,
            "2022": 80.5,
            "2023": 81.4,
            "2024": 79.5,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.8",
            "2022": "80.5",
            "2023": "81.4",
            "2024": "79.5",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Continuously cast steel, percent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 99.8,
            "2022": 99.7,
            "2023": 99.7,
            "2024": 99.7,
            "2025e": 99.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "99.8",
            "2022": "99.7",
            "2023": "99.7",
            "2024": "99.7",
            "2025e": "99.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments, steel mill products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.9,
            "2022": 81.2,
            "2023": 81.0,
            "2024": 78.7,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.9",
            "2022": "81.2",
            "2023": "81.0",
            "2024": "78.7",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.6,
            "2022": 22.9,
            "2023": 19.7,
            "2024": 20.4,
            "2025e": 19.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20.6",
            "2022": "22.9",
            "2023": "19.7",
            "2024": "20.4",
            "2025e": "19"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.9,
            "2022": 5.1,
            "2023": 5.9,
            "2024": 5.8,
            "2025e": 5.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.9",
            "2022": "5.1",
            "2023": "5.9",
            "2024": "5.8",
            "2025e": "5"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 28.5,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 25.6,
            "2024": 26.2,
            "2025e": 24.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "28.5",
            "2022": "28.0",
            "2023": "25.6",
            "2024": "26.2",
            "2025e": "24"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.4,
            "2022": 7.5,
            "2023": 7.9,
            "2024": 7.9,
            "2025e": 6.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.4",
            "2022": "7.5",
            "2023": "7.9",
            "2024": "7.9",
            "2025e": "6"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.1,
            "2022": 0.1,
            "2023": 0.3,
            "2024": 0.1,
            "2025e": 0.1
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.1",
            "2022": "0.1",
            "2023": "0.3",
            "2024": "0.1",
            "2025e": "0.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.5,
            "2022": 7.6,
            "2023": 8.2,
            "2024": 8.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.5",
            "2022": "7.6",
            "2023": "8.2",
            "2024": "8.0",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 6.7,
            "2023": 6.5,
            "2024": 6.5,
            "2025e": 6.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.0",
            "2022": "6.7",
            "2023": "6.5",
            "2024": "6.5",
            "2025e": "6.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 96.2,
            "2023": 92.4,
            "2024": 91.1,
            "2025e": 95.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "96.2",
            "2023": "92.4",
            "2024": "91.1",
            "2025e": "95"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Producer price index, steel mill products (1982=100)",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 351.0,
            "2022": 382.0,
            "2023": 320.0,
            "2024": 291.0,
            "2025e": 290.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "351",
            "2022": "382",
            "2023": "320",
            "2024": "291",
            "2025e": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iron and steel mills",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 78300.0,
            "2022": 80800.0,
            "2023": 84000.0,
            "2024": 84900.0,
            "2025e": 86000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "78300",
            "2022": "80800",
            "2023": "84000",
            "2024": "84900",
            "2025e": "86000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Steel product manufacturing",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 52700.0,
            "2022": 55400.0,
            "2023": 58500.0,
            "2024": 59600.0,
            "2025e": 61000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "52700",
            "2022": "55400",
            "2023": "58500",
            "2024": "59600",
            "2025e": "61000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 14.0,
            "2022": 16.0,
            "2023": 12.0,
            "2024": 14.0,
            "2025e": 13.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "14",
            "2022": "16",
            "2023": "12",
            "2024": "14",
            "2025e": "13"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 21.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 21.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 28.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 830.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 25.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 98.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 4.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 59.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 41.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 47.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 10.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 14.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 93.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 1300.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "U.S. production and shipments data source is the American Iron and Steel Institute; see also the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron Ore chapters.",
        "2": "Steel mill products. Source: Metals Service Center Institute, September 2025.",
        "3": "Defined as steel mill product shipments + imports of finished steel mill products – exports of steel mill products ± adjustments for stock changes.",
        "4": "Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, North American Industry Classification System Code 331100 and 332100.",
        "5": "Defined as imports of finished steel mill products – total exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. Reported in metric tons. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Source: World Steel Association, 2025, worldsteel Short Range Outlook October 2025: Brussels, Belgium, World Steel Association press release, October 13, 3 p. (Accessed November 18, 2025, at https://worldsteel.org/media/press-releases/2025/worldsteel-short-range-outlook-october-2025/.)"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "iron-and-steel-raw-steel",
      "name": "Iron and Steel (Raw steel)",
      "symbol": "Fe",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "iron-and-steel",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-iron-steel.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "99875e4897c8f39150fdd46961277be6806b22bef9e8facef78296c0e005657e",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in million metric tons, metal, unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": null,
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The U.S. iron and steel industry produced 82 million tons of raw steel in 2025 with an estimated sales value of about $149 billion, a slight decrease from $150 billion in 2024. At the beginning of 2025, pig iron and raw steel were produced by two companies operating integrated steel mills in eight active locations. Multiple integrated steel mills were fully or partially idled over the last 3 years, and prior reporting of locations previously differentiated multiple facilities at the same location. Raw steel from electric arc furnaces was produced by 47 companies at 102 minimills. Combined raw steel production capacity was about 105 million tons per year, a slight decrease from 107 million tons in 2024. Indiana accounted for an estimated 19% of total raw steel production, followed by Ohio, 8%; Texas, 5%; and Pennsylvania, 4%; no other individual State accounted for more than 4% of total domestic raw steel production. Construction accounted for an estimated 31% of net shipments by market classification, followed by steel service centers and distributors, 26%; automotive, 15%; and steel for converting and processing, 11%; all other applications accounted for 17% of net shipments.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, tariffs increased to a rate of 25% for all countries in March 2025, removing prior exceptions granted since the tariffs were implemented in 2018. In June, tariffs on steel products imported to the United States were increased to 50% for all countries. Various extensions, exclusions, and reciprocal clauses were introduced throughout 2025. In November, Proclamation 10993 granted a 2-year regulatory relief period from Clean Air Act standards set in 2024 affecting coke oven facilities, which manufacture metallurgical coke used in the production of steel in integrated steel mills that account for approximately 28% of domestic steel production. In March, one company began construction on a new minimill in southern California with a production capacity of 450,000 tons per year of rebar steel. In June, a domestic steel manufacturer completed a deal to be acquired by a Japan-based steel company. The deal was approved by the U.S. Government with stipulations and was expected to generate $11 billion in domestic steelmaking investments through 2028. In September, that company also halted production at one mill in Illinois with a production capacity of 2.7 million tons per year of raw steel but was expected to keep the mill in an operational state with the possibility of resuming production. Citing strategic capacity adjustments to account for product-specific market conditions, another company indefinitely idled multiple facilities, including an Illinois basic oxygen furnace and mill with a production capacity of 700,000 tons per year of hot-rolled coil products; a Michigan basic oxygen furnace and continuous casting facilities with a production capacity of 1.99 million tons per year of pig iron and 2.40 million tons per year of carbon slabs, advanced high-strength steels, and other products; and a Pennsylvania minimill with a production capacity of 300,000 tons per year of rail and other products. That company also restarted a blast furnace in Ohio with a production capacity of 1.37 million tons per year of pig iron. The World Steel Association estimated global finished steel demand to remain unchanged in 2025 owing to declining steel demand in China offset by growth in developing economies including Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam. Globally, the manufacturing sector was expected to be affected by affordability pressures on consumers and elevated production costs. Countries with economies reliant on the export of steel-intensive goods were negatively affected by trade tensions.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Not applicable. See the Iron Ore chapter for steelmaking raw-material resources.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Iron is the least expensive and most widely used metal. In most applications, iron and steel compete either with less expensive nonmetallic materials or with more expensive materials that have a performance advantage. Iron and steel compete with lighter materials, such as aluminum and plastics in the automotive industry; aluminum, concrete, and wood in construction; and aluminum, glass, paper, and plastics in containers.",
      "recycling_summary": "See the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron and Steel Slag chapters.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Pig iron production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 22.2,
            "2022": 20.0,
            "2023": 22.5,
            "2024": 20.6,
            "2025e": 21.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "22.2",
            "2022": "20.0",
            "2023": "22.5",
            "2024": "20.6",
            "2025e": "21"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Raw steel production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.8,
            "2022": 80.5,
            "2023": 81.4,
            "2024": 79.5,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.8",
            "2022": "80.5",
            "2023": "81.4",
            "2024": "79.5",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Continuously cast steel, percent",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 99.8,
            "2022": 99.7,
            "2023": 99.7,
            "2024": 99.7,
            "2025e": 99.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "99.8",
            "2022": "99.7",
            "2023": "99.7",
            "2024": "99.7",
            "2025e": "99.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Shipments, steel mill products",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": null,
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 85.9,
            "2022": 81.2,
            "2023": 81.0,
            "2024": 78.7,
            "2025e": 82.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "85.9",
            "2022": "81.2",
            "2023": "81.0",
            "2024": "78.7",
            "2025e": "82"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.6,
            "2022": 22.9,
            "2023": 19.7,
            "2024": 20.4,
            "2025e": 19.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20.6",
            "2022": "22.9",
            "2023": "19.7",
            "2024": "20.4",
            "2025e": "19"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.9,
            "2022": 5.1,
            "2023": 5.9,
            "2024": 5.8,
            "2025e": 5.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.9",
            "2022": "5.1",
            "2023": "5.9",
            "2024": "5.8",
            "2025e": "5"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 28.5,
            "2022": 28.0,
            "2023": 25.6,
            "2024": 26.2,
            "2025e": 24.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "28.5",
            "2022": "28.0",
            "2023": "25.6",
            "2024": "26.2",
            "2025e": "24"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Finished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.4,
            "2022": 7.5,
            "2023": 7.9,
            "2024": 7.9,
            "2025e": 6.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.4",
            "2022": "7.5",
            "2023": "7.9",
            "2024": "7.9",
            "2025e": "6"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Semifinished",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.1,
            "2022": 0.1,
            "2023": 0.3,
            "2024": 0.1,
            "2025e": 0.1
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "0.1",
            "2022": "0.1",
            "2023": "0.3",
            "2024": "0.1",
            "2025e": "0.1"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Total",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports, steel mill products",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.5,
            "2022": 7.6,
            "2023": 8.2,
            "2024": 8.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.5",
            "2022": "7.6",
            "2023": "8.2",
            "2024": "8.0",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Stocks, service centers, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 7.0,
            "2022": 6.7,
            "2023": 6.5,
            "2024": 6.5,
            "2025e": 6.7
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "7.0",
            "2022": "6.7",
            "2023": "6.5",
            "2024": "6.5",
            "2025e": "6.7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "footnote": "3",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100.0,
            "2022": 96.2,
            "2023": 92.4,
            "2024": 91.1,
            "2025e": 95.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "100",
            "2022": "96.2",
            "2023": "92.4",
            "2024": "91.1",
            "2025e": "95"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Producer price index, steel mill products (1982=100)",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent (steel mill products)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 351.0,
            "2022": 382.0,
            "2023": 320.0,
            "2024": 291.0,
            "2025e": 290.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "351",
            "2022": "382",
            "2023": "320",
            "2024": "291",
            "2025e": "290"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Iron and steel mills",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 78300.0,
            "2022": 80800.0,
            "2023": 84000.0,
            "2024": 84900.0,
            "2025e": 86000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "78300",
            "2022": "80800",
            "2023": "84000",
            "2024": "84900",
            "2025e": "86000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Steel product manufacturing",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Employment, average, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 52700.0,
            "2022": 55400.0,
            "2023": 58500.0,
            "2024": 59600.0,
            "2025e": 61000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "52700",
            "2022": "55400",
            "2023": "58500",
            "2024": "59600",
            "2025e": "61000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 14.0,
            "2022": 16.0,
            "2023": 12.0,
            "2024": 14.0,
            "2025e": 13.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "14",
            "2022": "16",
            "2023": "12",
            "2024": "14",
            "2025e": "13"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 82.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": null,
      "exports_total_latest": null,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": null,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Production",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 82.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Brazil",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 35.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 980.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Germany",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 38.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "India",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 160.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Iran",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 32.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Japan",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 81.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Korea, Republic of",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 60.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Russia",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 65.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Turkey",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 37.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Vietnam",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 23.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 280.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": null,
          "production_latest_year": 1900.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": null,
          "production_latest_raw": null,
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "U.S. production and shipments data source is the American Iron and Steel Institute; see also the Iron and Steel Scrap and the Iron Ore chapters.",
        "2": "Steel mill products. Source: Metals Service Center Institute, September 2025.",
        "3": "Defined as steel mill product shipments + imports of finished steel mill products – exports of steel mill products ± adjustments for stock changes.",
        "4": "Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, North American Industry Classification System Code 331100 and 332100.",
        "5": "Defined as imports of finished steel mill products – total exports ± adjustments for industry stock changes.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. Reported in metric tons. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Source: World Steel Association, 2025, worldsteel Short Range Outlook October 2025: Brussels, Belgium, World Steel Association press release, October 13, 3 p. (Accessed November 18, 2025, at https://worldsteel.org/media/press-releases/2025/worldsteel-short-range-outlook-october-2025/.)"
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "titanium-sponge-metal",
      "name": "Titanium (sponge/metal)",
      "symbol": "Ti",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "titanium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c93f5a562e3b32706c4c77312b9fd32bbdb17237feae70228eaeb8fe2c7f1e94",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The United States did not produce titanium sponge metal in 2025. The last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. The facility was in Utah and had an estimated capacity of 500 tons per year of sponge that was further refined for use in electronics. A second sponge facility in Henderson, NV, with an estimated capacity of 12,600 tons per year has been idled since 2020 owing to market conditions. A third facility in Rowley, UT, with an estimated capacity of 10,900 tons per year has remained idle since 2016. Although detailed 2025 consumption data were withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary data, the majority of titanium metal was used in aerospace applications, and the remainder was used in armor, chemical processing, marine hardware, medical implants, power generation, and other applications. The customs value of imported sponge was about $460 million, a 3% increase compared with $447 million in 2024. In 2025, titanium dioxide (TiO) pigment production, by four companies operating five facilities in four States, was valued at an estimated $3 billion. The leading uses of TiO pigment were, in descending order, paints (including lacquers and varnishes), plastics, and paper. Other uses of TiO pigment included catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules.",
      "events_trends_summary": "U.S. producers of titanium ingot and downstream products were reliant on imports of titanium sponge and scrap. U.S. imports of titanium sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025, exceeding the historical high of 40,300 tons imported in 2023. Japan (73%), Kazakhstan (13%), and Saudi Arabia (13%) were the leading import sources for titanium sponge in 2025 through July. With funding support from the U.S. Government, a company in Virginia began commercial production of titanium powder from titanium scrap metal in late 2024. In 2025, the company was scaling up production capacity and aimed to achieve 1,400 tons per year in 2027 with potential for future expansion. U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated to be 32,000 tons in 2025. The United Kingdom (19%), France and Japan (10% each), and Germany, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore (9% each), were the leading import sources for titanium waste and scrap in 2025 through July. Through July 2025, the average duty-paid unit value of scrap imports was about $7.70 per kilogram compared with the annual average price of $8.50 per kilogram in 2024. Domestic production of TiO pigment in 2025 was an estimated 1,000,000 tons. Although heavily reliant on imports of titanium mineral concentrates, the United States was a net exporter of TiO pigments.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of titanium minerals are discussed in the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Few materials possess titanium metal’s strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. In high-strength applications, titanium competes with aluminum, composites, intermetallics, steel, and superalloys. Aluminum, nickel, specialty steels, and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium for applications that require corrosion resistance. Ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, kaolin, and talc compete with TiO as a white pigment.",
      "recycling_summary": "Owing to limited responses from voluntary surveys, consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld. Consumption data for titanium scrap for the steel, superalloy, and other industries were not available.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 16000.0,
            "2022": 30900.0,
            "2023": 40300.0,
            "2024": 39800.0,
            "2025e": 44000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "16000",
            "2022": "30900",
            "2023": "40300",
            "2024": "39800",
            "2025e": "44000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 117.0,
            "2022": 105.0,
            "2023": 247.0,
            "2024": 70.0,
            "2025e": 63.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "117",
            "2022": "105",
            "2023": "247",
            "2024": "70",
            "2025e": "63"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 15900.0,
            "2022": 30800.0,
            "2023": 40100.0,
            "2024": 39800.0,
            "2025e": 44000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "15900",
            "2022": "30800",
            "2023": "40100",
            "2024": "39800",
            "2025e": "44000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, reported",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Consumption, reported",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.1,
            "2022": 11.1,
            "2023": 12.3,
            "2024": 13.3,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11.10",
            "2022": "11.10",
            "2023": "12.30",
            "2024": "13.30",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Stocks, industry, yearend",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Stocks, industry, yearend",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "W",
            "2022": "W",
            "2023": "W",
            "2024": "W",
            "2025e": "W"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 20.0,
            "2022": 20.0,
            "2023": 20.0,
            "2024": 10.0,
            "2025e": 0.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "20",
            "2022": "20",
            "2023": "20",
            "2024": "10",
            "2025e": "—"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 95.0,
            "2022": 95.0,
            "2023": 95.0,
            "2024": 95.0,
            "2025e": 100.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": ">95",
            "2022": ">95",
            "2023": ">95",
            "2024": ">95",
            "2025e": "100"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per kilogram",
          "values": {
            "2021": 11.1,
            "2022": 11.1,
            "2023": 12.3,
            "2024": 13.3,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "11.10",
            "2022": "11.10",
            "2023": "12.30",
            "2024": "13.30",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 0.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 44000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 63.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 44000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 12.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": 100.0,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Sponge metal",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Japan",
              "share_pct": 77.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Saudi Arabia",
              "share_pct": 13.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Kazakhstan",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Sponge Metal Production and Sponge and Pigment Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "See also the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
        "2": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Excludes domestic production of sponge in Utah.",
        "4": "Landed duty-paid value based on U.S. imports for consumption.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Yearend operating capacity.",
        "8": "Excludes U.S. production.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "titanium-dioxide",
      "name": "Titanium (dioxide)",
      "symbol": "Ti",
      "kind": "sub_product",
      "parent_slug": "titanium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-titanium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "c93f5a562e3b32706c4c77312b9fd32bbdb17237feae70228eaeb8fe2c7f1e94",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
      "price_footnote_text": null,
      "domestic_use_summary": "The United States did not produce titanium sponge metal in 2025. The last domestic sponge plant closed in 2024. The facility was in Utah and had an estimated capacity of 500 tons per year of sponge that was further refined for use in electronics. A second sponge facility in Henderson, NV, with an estimated capacity of 12,600 tons per year has been idled since 2020 owing to market conditions. A third facility in Rowley, UT, with an estimated capacity of 10,900 tons per year has remained idle since 2016. Although detailed 2025 consumption data were withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary data, the majority of titanium metal was used in aerospace applications, and the remainder was used in armor, chemical processing, marine hardware, medical implants, power generation, and other applications. The customs value of imported sponge was about $460 million, a 3% increase compared with $447 million in 2024. In 2025, titanium dioxide (TiO) pigment production, by four companies operating five facilities in four States, was valued at an estimated $3 billion. The leading uses of TiO pigment were, in descending order, paints (including lacquers and varnishes), plastics, and paper. Other uses of TiO pigment included catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules.",
      "events_trends_summary": "U.S. producers of titanium ingot and downstream products were reliant on imports of titanium sponge and scrap. U.S. imports of titanium sponge were an estimated 44,000 tons in 2025, exceeding the historical high of 40,300 tons imported in 2023. Japan (73%), Kazakhstan (13%), and Saudi Arabia (13%) were the leading import sources for titanium sponge in 2025 through July. With funding support from the U.S. Government, a company in Virginia began commercial production of titanium powder from titanium scrap metal in late 2024. In 2025, the company was scaling up production capacity and aimed to achieve 1,400 tons per year in 2027 with potential for future expansion. U.S. imports of titanium scrap were estimated to be 32,000 tons in 2025. The United Kingdom (19%), France and Japan (10% each), and Germany, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore (9% each), were the leading import sources for titanium waste and scrap in 2025 through July. Through July 2025, the average duty-paid unit value of scrap imports was about $7.70 per kilogram compared with the annual average price of $8.50 per kilogram in 2024. Domestic production of TiO pigment in 2025 was an estimated 1,000,000 tons. Although heavily reliant on imports of titanium mineral concentrates, the United States was a net exporter of TiO pigments.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of titanium minerals are discussed in the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Few materials possess titanium metal’s strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. In high-strength applications, titanium competes with aluminum, composites, intermetallics, steel, and superalloys. Aluminum, nickel, specialty steels, and zirconium alloys may be substituted for titanium for applications that require corrosion resistance. Ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, kaolin, and talc compete with TiO as a white pigment.",
      "recycling_summary": "Owing to limited responses from voluntary surveys, consumption data for titanium scrap metal for the titanium metal industry were withheld. Consumption data for titanium scrap for the steel, superalloy, and other industries were not available.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 1150000.0,
            "2022": 1150000.0,
            "2023": 910000.0,
            "2024": 940000.0,
            "2025e": 1000000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "1150000",
            "2022": "1150000",
            "2023": "910000",
            "2024": "940000",
            "2025e": "1000000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Imports for consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports for consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 251000.0,
            "2022": 265000.0,
            "2023": 228000.0,
            "2024": 236000.0,
            "2025e": 230000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "251000",
            "2022": "265000",
            "2023": "228000",
            "2024": "236000",
            "2025e": "230000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Exports",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 494000.0,
            "2022": 378000.0,
            "2023": 288000.0,
            "2024": 358000.0,
            "2025e": 330000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "494000",
            "2022": "378000",
            "2023": "288000",
            "2024": "358000",
            "2025e": "330000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent",
          "footnote": "2",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 907000.0,
            "2022": 1040000.0,
            "2023": 850000.0,
            "2024": 818000.0,
            "2025e": 900000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "907000",
            "2022": "1040000",
            "2023": "850000",
            "2024": "818000",
            "2025e": "900000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "footnote": "4",
          "section": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 2920.0,
            "2022": 3450.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 3170.0,
            "2025e": 3200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2920",
            "2022": "3450",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "3170",
            "2025e": "3200"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Employment, number",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Employment, number",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 3200.0,
            "2022": 3200.0,
            "2023": 3200.0,
            "2024": 3200.0,
            "2025e": 3000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "3200",
            "2022": "3200",
            "2023": "3200",
            "2024": "3200",
            "2025e": "3000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "E",
            "2022": "E",
            "2023": "E",
            "2024": "E",
            "2025e": "E"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "unit_note": "Price, dollars per metric ton",
          "values": {
            "2021": 2920.0,
            "2022": 3450.0,
            "2023": 3240.0,
            "2024": 3170.0,
            "2025e": 3200.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "2920",
            "2022": "3450",
            "2023": "3240",
            "2024": "3170",
            "2025e": "3200"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": 1000000.0,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 230000.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 330000.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 900000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 3200.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {
        "net_import_reliance": "E"
      },
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "TiO pigment",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 45.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Mexico",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 30.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Sponge Metal Production and Sponge and Pigment Capacity",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. — Zero.",
        "1": "See also the Titanium Mineral Concentrates chapter.",
        "2": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "3": "Excludes domestic production of sponge in Utah.",
        "4": "Landed duty-paid value based on U.S. imports for consumption.",
        "5": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "6": "See Appendix B for definitions. For fiscal year 2026, the Annual Materials Plan was not released.",
        "7": "Yearend operating capacity.",
        "8": "Excludes U.S. production.",
        "9": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "hafnium",
      "name": "Hafnium",
      "symbol": "Hf",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "zirconium-and-hafnium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "6a1196f46b40d676871990f1e4165230f099c7a250b64c0893699ec9943ea1e5",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Hafnium, unwrought, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, one company recovered zircon (zirconium silicate) from surface-mining operations in Florida and Georgia as a coproduct from the mining of heavy-mineral sands, and a second company processed existing mineral sands tailings in California. Zirconium metal and hafnium metal were produced from zirconium chemical intermediates by one producer in Oregon and one in Utah. Zirconium chemicals were produced from domestic and imported materials by the metal producer in Oregon and by at least five other companies. The leading end use for zircon was ceramics. Other primary uses of zircon included foundry sand, refractories, and zirconium chemicals. The leading use of hafnium metal was in superalloys.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Global mine production of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased by 12% to an estimated 1 million tons gross weight in 2025. Several companies continued exploration and development projects with planned production of zirconium mineral concentrates in Australia, Mozambique, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and elsewhere. The leading global exporters of zirconium mineral concentrates were Australia and South Africa. China was the leading importer of zirconium mineral concentrates. U.S. imports and exports of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased in 2025. Australia, Senegal, and South Africa were still the leading import sources of zirconium mineral concentrates. The United States was a net exporter of zirconium metal. U.S. exports of unwrought hafnium decreased whereas imports increased. The leading global exporters of unwrought hafnium were China and Germany.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of zircon in the United States included about 14 million tons associated with titanium resources in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Phosphate rock and sand and gravel deposits could potentially yield substantial amounts of zircon as a byproduct. World resources of hafnium are associated with those of zircon and baddeleyite. Quantitative estimates of hafnium resources were not available.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Chromite and olivine can substitute for zircon for some foundry applications. Dolomite and spinel refractories can also substitute for zircon in certain high-temperature applications. Niobium (columbium), stainless steel, and tantalum provide some substitution in nuclear applications, and titanium and synthetic materials may substitute in some chemical processing plant applications. Boron or cadmium-silver-indium alloys can substitute for hafnium metal in nuclear control rods. Zirconium can be used interchangeably with hafnium in certain superalloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Companies in Oregon and Utah recycled zirconium from new scrap generated during metal production and fabrication and (or) from post-commercial old scrap. Zircon foundry mold cores and spent or rejected zirconia refractories are often recycled but could not be quantified. Hafnium metal recycling was minimal.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 23.0,
            "2022": 43.0,
            "2023": 72.0,
            "2024": 64.0,
            "2025e": 72.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "23",
            "2022": "43",
            "2023": "72",
            "2024": "64",
            "2025e": "72"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 2.0,
            "2023": 6.0,
            "2024": 13.0,
            "2025e": 12.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "2",
            "2023": "6",
            "2024": "13",
            "2025e": "12"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 15.0,
            "2023": 58.0,
            "2024": 12.0,
            "2025e": 15.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "15",
            "2023": "58",
            "2024": "12",
            "2025e": "15"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": 3.0,
            "2023": 3.0,
            "2024": 5.0,
            "2025e": 7.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "3",
            "2023": "3",
            "2024": "5",
            "2025e": "7"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium, unwrought, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 781.0,
            "2022": 1590.0,
            "2023": 6130.0,
            "2024": 4560.0,
            "2025e": 3800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "781",
            "2022": "1590",
            "2023": "6130",
            "2024": "4560",
            "2025e": "3800"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Hafnium",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": null,
            "2022": null,
            "2023": null,
            "2024": null,
            "2025e": null
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "NA",
            "2022": "NA",
            "2023": "NA",
            "2024": "NA",
            "2025e": "NA"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Hafnium, unwrought, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 781.0,
            "2022": 1590.0,
            "2023": 6130.0,
            "2024": 4560.0,
            "2025e": 3800.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "781",
            "2022": "1590",
            "2023": "6130",
            "2024": "4560",
            "2025e": "3800"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": null,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 84.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 22.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": null,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 3800.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Hafnium, unwrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 54.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 21.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "United Kingdom",
              "share_pct": 8.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 5.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Hafnium, wrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 68.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 14.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 9.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Italy",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Calculated ZrO content as 65% of gross weight.",
        "2": "Excludes zircon in mixed mineral concentrates.",
        "3": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "4": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
        "5": "Unit value based on landed-duty-paid United States imports for consumption from Australia, Senegal, and South Africa.",
        "6": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets, annual average.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "Data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 21 million tons, ZrO content.",
        "11": "Reported."
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "zirconium",
      "name": "Zirconium",
      "symbol": "Zr",
      "kind": "grouped",
      "parent_slug": "zirconium-and-hafnium",
      "source_url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-zirconium-hafnium.pdf",
      "edition": "MCS 2026",
      "edition_date": "2026-02",
      "captured_at": "2026-05-19",
      "pdf_sha256": "6a1196f46b40d676871990f1e4165230f099c7a250b64c0893699ec9943ea1e5",
      "pdf_page_count": 2,
      "units_note": "(Data in metric tons unless otherwise specified)",
      "price_unit_note": "Zirconium, sponge, ex-works China, dollars per kilogram",
      "price_footnote_text": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
      "domestic_use_summary": "In 2025, one company recovered zircon (zirconium silicate) from surface-mining operations in Florida and Georgia as a coproduct from the mining of heavy-mineral sands, and a second company processed existing mineral sands tailings in California. Zirconium metal and hafnium metal were produced from zirconium chemical intermediates by one producer in Oregon and one in Utah. Zirconium chemicals were produced from domestic and imported materials by the metal producer in Oregon and by at least five other companies. The leading end use for zircon was ceramics. Other primary uses of zircon included foundry sand, refractories, and zirconium chemicals. The leading use of hafnium metal was in superalloys.",
      "events_trends_summary": "Global mine production of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased by 12% to an estimated 1 million tons gross weight in 2025. Several companies continued exploration and development projects with planned production of zirconium mineral concentrates in Australia, Mozambique, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and elsewhere. The leading global exporters of zirconium mineral concentrates were Australia and South Africa. China was the leading importer of zirconium mineral concentrates. U.S. imports and exports of zirconium mineral concentrates decreased in 2025. Australia, Senegal, and South Africa were still the leading import sources of zirconium mineral concentrates. The United States was a net exporter of zirconium metal. U.S. exports of unwrought hafnium decreased whereas imports increased. The leading global exporters of unwrought hafnium were China and Germany.",
      "world_resources_summary": "Resources of zircon in the United States included about 14 million tons associated with titanium resources in heavy-mineral-sand deposits. Phosphate rock and sand and gravel deposits could potentially yield substantial amounts of zircon as a byproduct. World resources of hafnium are associated with those of zircon and baddeleyite. Quantitative estimates of hafnium resources were not available.",
      "substitutes_summary": "Chromite and olivine can substitute for zircon for some foundry applications. Dolomite and spinel refractories can also substitute for zircon in certain high-temperature applications. Niobium (columbium), stainless steel, and tantalum provide some substitution in nuclear applications, and titanium and synthetic materials may substitute in some chemical processing plant applications. Boron or cadmium-silver-indium alloys can substitute for hafnium metal in nuclear control rods. Zirconium can be used interchangeably with hafnium in certain superalloys.",
      "recycling_summary": "Companies in Oregon and Utah recycled zirconium from new scrap generated during metal production and fabrication and (or) from post-commercial old scrap. Zircon foundry mold cores and spent or rejected zirconia refractories are often recycled but could not be quantified. Hafnium metal recycling was minimal.",
      "salient_stats": [
        {
          "label": "Production, zirconium ores and concentrates [zirconium oxide (ZrO) content]",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Production, zirconium ores and concentrates [zirconium oxide (ZrO) content]",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100000.0,
            "2022": 100000.0,
            "2023": 100000.0,
            "2024": 100000.0,
            "2025e": 100000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<100,000",
            "2022": "<100,000",
            "2023": "<100,000",
            "2024": "<100,000",
            "2025e": "<100,000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 18500.0,
            "2022": 31900.0,
            "2023": 20400.0,
            "2024": 18900.0,
            "2025e": 16000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "18500",
            "2022": "31900",
            "2023": "20400",
            "2024": "18900",
            "2025e": "16000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, compounds",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 0.0,
            "2022": 0.0,
            "2023": 0.0,
            "2024": 0.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "—",
            "2022": "—",
            "2023": "—",
            "2024": "—",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, unwrought, powder, and waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 746.0,
            "2022": 346.0,
            "2023": 451.0,
            "2024": 493.0,
            "2025e": 530.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "746",
            "2022": "346",
            "2023": "451",
            "2024": "493",
            "2025e": "530"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Imports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 264.0,
            "2022": 288.0,
            "2023": 312.0,
            "2024": 372.0,
            "2025e": 380.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "264",
            "2022": "288",
            "2023": "312",
            "2024": "372",
            "2025e": "380"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 10000.0,
            "2022": 11200.0,
            "2023": 13200.0,
            "2024": 15400.0,
            "2025e": 10000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "10000",
            "2022": "11200",
            "2023": "13200",
            "2024": "15400",
            "2025e": "10000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, unwrought, powder, and waste and scrap",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 589.0,
            "2022": 1090.0,
            "2023": 1080.0,
            "2024": 1180.0,
            "2025e": 1300.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "589",
            "2022": "1090",
            "2023": "1080",
            "2024": "1180",
            "2025e": "1300"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Exports",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 966.0,
            "2022": 821.0,
            "2023": 706.0,
            "2024": 808.0,
            "2025e": 1000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "966",
            "2022": "821",
            "2023": "706",
            "2024": "808",
            "2025e": "1000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Consumption, apparent, zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "footnote": "1",
          "section": "Consumption, apparent, zirconium ores and concentrates (ZrO content)",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 100000.0,
            "2022": 100000.0,
            "2023": 100000.0,
            "2024": 100000.0,
            "2025e": 100000.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<100,000",
            "2022": "<100,000",
            "2023": "<100,000",
            "2024": "<100,000",
            "2025e": "<100,000"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium, sponge, ex-works China, dollars per kilogram",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "Price",
          "subsection": "Zircon, dollars per metric ton (gross weight)",
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 28.0,
            "2024": 24.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "28",
            "2024": "24",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        },
        {
          "label": "Zirconium ores and concentrates",
          "footnote": null,
          "section": "consumption",
          "subsection": null,
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 50.0,
            "2023": 25.0,
            "2024": 25.0,
            "2025e": 25.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "<25",
            "2022": "<50",
            "2023": "<25",
            "2024": "<25",
            "2025e": "<25"
          }
        }
      ],
      "price_quotes": [
        {
          "form": "Zirconium, sponge, ex-works China, dollars per kilogram",
          "unit_note": "Price",
          "values": {
            "2021": 25.0,
            "2022": 30.0,
            "2023": 28.0,
            "2024": 24.0,
            "2025e": 22.0
          },
          "raw_values": {
            "2021": "25",
            "2022": "30",
            "2023": "28",
            "2024": "24",
            "2025e": "22"
          }
        }
      ],
      "latest_year": "2025e",
      "mined_production_latest": 100000.0,
      "primary_smelting_latest": null,
      "secondary_smelting_latest": null,
      "imports_total_latest": 18210.0,
      "exports_total_latest": 12300.0,
      "apparent_consumption_latest": 100000.0,
      "price_usd_per_pound_latest": 22.0,
      "net_import_reliance_pct_latest": null,
      "latest_year_sentinels": {},
      "stockpile_fy2025_potential_acquisitions": null,
      "import_sources_flat": [],
      "import_sources_by_category": [
        {
          "category": "Zirconium ores and concentrates",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 48.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 35.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Senegal",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 2.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, compounds",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 41.0
            },
            {
              "country": "South Africa",
              "share_pct": 31.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Australia",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 6.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, unwrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 55.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 15.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Canada",
              "share_pct": 12.0
            },
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 11.0
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "category": "Zirconium, wrought",
          "countries": [
            {
              "country": "France",
              "share_pct": 72.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Germany",
              "share_pct": 10.0
            },
            {
              "country": "Belgium",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            },
            {
              "country": "China",
              "share_pct": 4.0
            },
            {
              "country": "other",
              "share_pct": 7.0
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "import_sources_range": "2021-24",
      "world_production_label": "World Mine Production and Reserves",
      "world_production_year_prev": "2024",
      "world_production_year_latest": "2025",
      "world_production": [
        {
          "country": "United States",
          "production_prev_year": 100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "100",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 9",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Australia",
          "production_prev_year": 400.0,
          "production_latest_year": 400.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "400",
          "production_latest_raw": "400",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 10",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "China",
          "production_prev_year": 100.0,
          "production_latest_year": 100.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "100",
          "production_latest_raw": "100",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Indonesia",
          "production_prev_year": 81.0,
          "production_latest_year": 52.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "81",
          "production_latest_raw": "52",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Madagascar",
          "production_prev_year": 31.0,
          "production_latest_year": 26.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "31",
          "production_latest_raw": "26",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Mozambique",
          "production_prev_year": 124.0,
          "production_latest_year": 160.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "124",
          "production_latest_raw": "160",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Senegal",
          "production_prev_year": 68.0,
          "production_latest_year": 70.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "68",
          "production_latest_raw": "70",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": "footnote 11",
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Sierra Leone",
          "production_prev_year": 25.0,
          "production_latest_year": 25.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "25",
          "production_latest_raw": "25",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "South Africa",
          "production_prev_year": 290.0,
          "production_latest_year": 270.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "290",
          "production_latest_raw": "270",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "Other countries",
          "production_prev_year": 71.0,
          "production_latest_year": 40.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "71",
          "production_latest_raw": "40",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        },
        {
          "country": "World total (rounded)",
          "production_prev_year": 1300.0,
          "production_latest_year": 1200.0,
          "capacity": null,
          "reserves": null,
          "production_prev_raw": "1300",
          "production_latest_raw": "1200",
          "reserves_raw": null,
          "note": null,
          "sub_metal_production_latest": {}
        }
      ],
      "footnotes": {
        "e": "Estimated. E Net exporter. NA Not available. — Zero.",
        "1": "Calculated ZrO content as 65% of gross weight.",
        "2": "Excludes zircon in mixed mineral concentrates.",
        "3": "Defined as production + imports – exports.",
        "4": "Source: Fastmarkets IM.",
        "5": "Unit value based on landed-duty-paid United States imports for consumption from Australia, Senegal, and South Africa.",
        "6": "Source: Argus Media group, Argus Non-Ferrous Markets, annual average.",
        "7": "Defined as imports – exports.",
        "8": "See Appendix C for resource and reserve definitions and information concerning data sources.",
        "9": "Data are rounded to the nearest hundred thousand tons to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.",
        "10": "For Australia, Joint Ore Reserves Committee-compliant or equivalent reserves were 21 million tons, ZrO content.",
        "11": "Reported."
      }
    }
  ]
}